운동이 유아의 실행기능에 미치는 영향
Effects of Exercise on Executive Functions in Korean Preschool Children
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초록
본 연구에서는 운동이 유아의 실행기능에 미치는 영향에 관해서 살펴보고자 하였다. 3세 51명, 4세 53명, 5세 53명, 총 157명을 유치원 정규 수업 후에 운동을 한 집단과 운동을 하지 않은 집단으로 나누어 이들의 억제통제, 전환능력, 작업기억을 측정하였다. 실행기능은 운동 프로그램을 시작한 직후인 4월과 운동 프로그램을 마친 7월에 각각 측정되었다. 억제통제는 깃발과제와 Flanker과제(정확도, 반응시간)로 측정하였고, 전환능력은 카드분류과제와 아동용 색선로 검사로 측정하였고, 작업기억은 단어 거꾸로 말하기 과제와 숫자 거꾸로 말하기 과제로 측정하였다. 각 과제에서의 사전검사 점수를 공변인으로 하고, 사후검사 점수들을 종속변인으로 하여 운동집단과 비운동 집단 간 차이에 대해 공분산 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 실행기능의 모든 과제 수행에서 연령에 따른 차이를 보였고, 운동 집단에서의 수행이 비운동집단에서 보다 더 촉진되었다. 일부 과제에서는 집단과 연령 간의 상호작용이 나타났는데, 이는 연령에 따라 운동의 효과가 달라짐을 보여준다.
Abstract
This study examined the effects of physical exercise on children’s executive functions. Fifty one 3-year- old, 53 4-year-old, and 53 5-year-old children participated in the study. The children in each age group were divided into two groups, i.e., a physical exercise group and a non-physical exercise group. Children in the physical exercise group participated in the football game or Taekwondo after school and children in the non-physical exercise group participated in a violin lesson or an English lesson after school. Three components of executive functions were measured by 6 tasks. Inhibitory control was measured by a flag task and 3 types of flanker tasks. Switching was measured by a card-sorting task and children’s color trail task. Working memory was measured by a backward-word task and a backward-number task. The executive functions were measured before these lessons began, and again after the lessons ended. The results indicated that the overall performance on executive functions improved much higher in the physical exercise group than in the non-physical exercise group. It means that physical exercise plays an important role in executive functions. There was also a significant age effect, showing a big difference between 3- and 4-year-olds. It implies that the physical exercise effect might vary depending on the age level.
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