초기 인과관계추론 발달의 양상: 보편성과 다양성에 대한 탐색적 개관
Review of early development of causal relational reasoning: exploring universal and diverse pathways
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인과관계 추론이란 두 물체나 사건 사이의 원인과 결과의 관계를 파악하는 것으로, 인과관계에 기초하여 현상들을 설명하고 예측하는 것에 기반을 두고 있기에 인과관계를 추론하고 이해하는 것은 세상을 살아가는 데 있어서 전 영역에 걸쳐 매우 중요한 사고 능력이다. 이러한 인과추론 능력은 언제부터 출현하기 시작하여 어떠한 양상으로 발달하는 것일까? 인과추론 발달 과정은 보편적 양상을 따를까? 이 과정에서 언어나 사회문화적 요인은 인과추론 발달의 다양성을 유도할 수 있을까? 본 연구는 이러한 질문을 탐색해보기 위해 발달 초기에서 아동기까지 축적된 국내외 인과관계 추론 발달 관련 연구를 검토하였다. 검토 결과, 아동기 초기의 발달 양상이 미국, 중국, 인도와 한국에서 보편적이기보다 다양하게 진행될 가능성이 나타났다. 그리고 언어나 사회문화적 요인이 발달의 다양성을 유발할 가능성도 있었다. 그러나 현재까지 관련된 근거 자료들은 제한적이었고, 국내의 연구도 과거 미국 자료의 반복 검증 위주로 매우 제한적이었던 것으로 나타났다. 인과관계 추론능력 발달에서의 보편성과 다양성의 추가적 검토를 위해 한국 아동 연구가 가진 역할을 살펴보고 추후 연구의 방향성을 제언하였다.
Abstract
Causal relational reasoning is the ability to make abstract inferences about causal relationships among objects or events and is one of the most important thought processes that allow individuals to draw and acquire various forms of knowledge. The current review analyzed research that examined the early development of causal relational reasoning across different cultures, including research conducted in Korea in this domain. In particular, we examined whether the developmental pathway of causal relational reasoning is universal or diverse across cultures and the possible role of language and/or sociocultural factors. Developmental patterns that appeared around age three differed across the U.S., China, India, and Korea, possibly attributable to diverse language acquisition patterns and cultural contexts. However, no definitive conclusions could be drawn from the current data because of the limited evidence available. Research conducted in Korea has also been limited to replications of past studies. Suggestions were made for future studies of Korean toddlers and children that could help further verify the developmental pattern of causal relational reasoning.
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