시민성 관점에서 본 자원활동: 새로운 유형과 관점
Changing Patterns and Perspectives on Volunteering: A Classification in Volunteering from the Citizenship Theory
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초록
선한 사람의 자원봉사활동과 보편적 권리 의식에 기반을 둔 시민참여라는 기존 의 이분법이 급속히 깨어지고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 배경에서 자원활동의 의의를 시민성 이론의 관점에서 정립하고, 시민성 강화를 위한 기능을 중심으로 다양한 자 원활동을 유형화 하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 먼저, ‘시티즌십(citizenship)’ 개념이 시 민권과 시민성을 포괄한다는 것에서 출발하여, 한국적 상황에서 보편적 권리로서 시 민권과 시민에게 요구되는 바람직한 덕목으로서 시민성 사이에 균형이 필요하다는 인식이 확산되고 있음을 지적한다. 단, 애국주의적 전체주의로 빠질 위험을 방지하 기 위해, 시민성에 대한 강조는 다음과 같은 조건을 필요로 한다. 첫째, 개인의 권리 인식과의 균형이 중요하다. 둘째, 자긍심과 자기충족감을 가지고 시민성을 발현하는 것이 정치적 영역 혹은 공적인 영역에 국한되지 않고 일상생활 전반으로 확대되어야 한다. 마지막으로, 시민성은 동질성에 기초한 소속감에 호소해서는 안 된다. 이러한 기초 위에서 베넷의 “의무적 시민성(DC)”과 “실현적 시민성(AC)”의 구분을 소개하 면서, 새로운 미디어 환경의 확산, 글로벌라이제이션의 진전 등의 결과로 등장하는 새로운 유형의 시민, 즉 상호적이며 표현적인 참여와, 경계 이동의 일상문화적 경험 을 통해 재구성되는 유연한 정체성을 특징으로 하는 새로운 시민에 부합하는 새로운 시민성 요구를 제안한다. 자원활동의 유형 구분과 관련하여, 의무적 시민성에 기초 한 자원활동이 수요중심적 접근이라고 한다면, 실현적 시민성을 지향하는 자원활동 은 공급중심적 접근에 해당한다. 자원활동에 대한 공급중심적 접근으로서 사회적 기 업, 재능기부형 자원활동, 일화적 자원활동(episodic volunteering), 마을만들기및 아파트봉사단 등을 예로 들고, 이를 실현적 시민성의 관점에서 해석한다.
Abstract
The dualism between altruistic volunteering and citizen participation based on ideal of citizenship rights begins to dissolve. The aim of this study is to discuss the value of volunteering from the perspective of citizenship theory and to classify diverse volunteer activities according to its function in enhancing the citizenship. At first, based on the conceptual assumption that citizenship includes both citizenship rights and civility (or civic virtue), it is argued for the careful balance between universal citizenship rights and civility in Korean context where the importance of civility for realizing inclusive citizenship had been somewhat neglected: fostering civility must be a part of realizing citizenship rights. It needs, however, a critical approach on the widely accepted usage of 'civility' among Koreans, in order to avoid the risk of misuse: the word has often been used in terms of 'national ethics' for the authoritarian governments to mobilize the people toward its one single goal of development. Therefore, it should be noted three things: at first, fostering civility must be balanced with the concern in rights of individuals; at second, “the public sphere” or the political sphere is not the only field in which 'citizenship with self-esteem and self-fulfillment' can be trained and enhanced. But it must expand to include every part of life, which needs to rethink the traditional approach to private-public divide. At last, civility should not appeal to member's sense of belonging based on homogeneity. Next, the author explores the distinction between “Dutiful Citizenship(DC) and “Actualizing Citizenship(AC)” suggested by Bennett. While DC is characterized by the sense of belonging and commitment to a political community which determines moral virtue of the citizens in a territorial boundary, new media and globalization triggered a new type of citizenship which features interactive and expressive participation and flexible identity (re)constructed with the everyday experiences of transgression across borders. Eventually, the author classifies diverse volunteering with 2 dimensions: kinds of citizenship in DC and AC which corresponds to demand-oriented approach and supply-oriented approach respectively in the voluntary sector theory; expressive-instrumental rationale. Emerging new patters of volunteering such as volunteering in social enterprise, pro bono volunteering, and episodic volunteering, volunteering in “community building project” and apartment volunteer team are examined from the perspective of Actualizing Citizenship.
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