대형 국제스포츠행사의 영리성과 공익적 자원봉사의 활용에 대한 논쟁적 접근
Critical Approaches to the Commerciality of Mega International Sports Events and the Use of Public Volunteering
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
자원봉사는 무보수의 자발적 활동으로 공익의 추구를 목적으로 하며, 국가 및지역사회의 다양한 영역에 적용되어 건전한 사회의 형성에 중요한 요소로 거듭나고있다. 최근, 대형 국제스포츠행사의 개최에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있으며, 이러한행사의 경제적 그리고 사회적 파급효과에 대한 기대에서 비롯된 결과로 보인다. 대형 국제스포츠행사의 개최에 따른 파급효과는 개최지의 사회경제적 개선과 발전에긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 당위성을 중심으로 자원봉사를 행사의 진행을 위해 활용되는 경향을 보이고 있으며, 행사 후 자원봉사는 다른 봉사영역으로 전환되어 지역사회의 사회적 자본 축적으로 이어질 것이라 기대한다. 하지만, 대형 국제스포츠행사인 올림픽이나 축구월드컵을 공익적 행사로 볼 수 있을 것인가에 의문을갖게 한다. 특히, 올림픽이나 축구월드컵의 전반적인 운영형태가 이미 영리적이며상업적 행사로 변질되었음에도 불구하고, 공익의 추구를 강조하는 자원봉사의 활용이 과연 정당성을 가질 수 있는가에 대한 의문을 제시하는 것이다. 여기에, 대형 국제스포츠행사의 사회경제적 파급효과나 사회적 자본의 축적 또한 불확실할 뿐만 아니라 이러한 행사로 비롯된 여러 형태의 부작용은 개최지의 잠재적 발전에 악영향을 초래하고 있음에 따라 자원봉사의 활용에 대한 논쟁을 불려오고 있다.
Abstract
Volunteering is widely known as non-payment and voluntary activities toaccomplish common goods; it has been used in various domains of a community anda nation to be as an important element of formulating a healthy society. In recentyears, there has been increased interest in the hosting of mega international sportsevents (MISE), such as the Olympic Games and Football World Cup. As it isexpected that the hosting of MISE offers host cities the variety of socio-economiceffects to promote the cities’social and economic development, volunteering hasbeen widely used for the progress of MISE and also claimed that the use ofvolunteers would affect the possibility of a stimulus to the accumulation of socialcapital in the host cities. However, basically, it is doubt that the characteristics ofMISE, particularly the Olympic Games and Football world Cup‘s commerciality, areat variance with public interest. As the commerciality of MISE, the use ofvolunteering seems to be a lack of justification. Moreover, the socio-economiceffects of MISE and the accumulation of social capital could be uncertain andunclear, but the events have caused the variety of negative side effects thatundermine the host cities’potential development, which provokes controversy.
참고문헌 (59)
- 강호정, "스포츠이벤트 자원봉사 재참가의사에 관한 연구", 한국체육학회지, 45(2), pp.33~46 (2006), 한국체육학회
- 김매이, "여가활동으로서의 자원봉사: 다양한 동일시 요인이 자원봉사 참여 의도에 미치는 영향", 한국여가레크리에이션학회지, 34(3), pp.173~182 (2010), 한국여가레크리에이션학회
- 김정헌, "자원봉사활동의 지속성에 미치는 영향 요인 분석 - 대구 시민을 중심으로 -", 지방정부연구, 14(3), pp.117~138 (2010), 한국지방정부학회
- 이상일, "스포츠 이벤트 자원봉사자의 참여 동기와 만족도 연구", 한국여가레크리에이션학회지, 30(3), pp.191~210 (2006), 한국여가레크리에이션학회
- 이홍철, "2002년 韓日 월드컵 대구지역 자원봉사 활동자의 의식·실태에 관한 연구", 관광레저연구, 12(4), pp.85~102 (2003), (사)한국관광레저학회
- 임번장, "2002 월드컵 자원봉사자의 스포츠이벤트 자원봉사자 재참여 의사에 관한 연구", 한국스포츠사회학회지, 16(2), pp.3~326 (2003), 한국스포츠사회학회
- 정진경, "자원봉사 개념의 재해석과 통합적 적용의 탐색", 한국사회복지행정학, 14(3), pp.31~52 (2012), 한국사회복지행정학회
- "평창올림픽 자원봉사 포털"[URL]
- Allen, Harry R, "Rural residents' attitudes toward recreation and tourism development", Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), pp.27~33 (1993)
- Allison, Lora D., "Assessing volunteer motives: A comparison of an open-ended probe and Likert rating scales", Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12, pp.243~255 (2002)
- Andranovich, Greg, "Olympic Cities: Lessons Learned from Mega-Event Policies", Journal of Urban Affairs, 23(2), pp.113~131 (2001)
- Ashworth, Gregory J, "Selling in the city: Marketing approaches in public sector urban planning" (1990), Bellhaven Press
- Auld, Cris, "People at Work in Events and Conventions: A Research Perspective", pp.181~192 (2009), CABI
- Baade, Robert A, "Going for the Gold: The Economics of the Olympics", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 30(2), pp.201~218 (2016)
- Bang, Hyejin, "Development and validation of the volunteer motivations scale for international sporting events (VMS-ISE)", International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 6, pp.332~350 (2009)
- Bianchini, Franco, "Enterprise and Heritage:Cross-currents of National Culture", pp.214~234 (1991), Routledge
- Cashman, John R, "The Bitter-Sweet Awakening: The Legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games" (2006), Walla Walla Press
- Chalkley, Brian, "Urban development through hosting international events: a history of the Olympic Games", Planning Perspectives, 14(4), pp.369~394 (1999)
- Clary, E. Gil, "Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), pp.1516~1530 (1998)
- Coleman, James S, "Social capital in the creation of human capital", The American Journal of Sociology, 94, pp.95~120 (1988)
- de Almeida, B., "Rationales, rhetoric and realities: FIFA’s World Cup in South Africa 2010 and Brazil 2014", International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50(3), pp.265~282 (2015)
- "FIFA" (2014)[URL]
- French, Steven, "Atlanta and the Olympics: a one-year retrospective", Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(3), pp.379~392 (1997)
- Girginov, Vassil, "Governance of the London 2012 Olympic Games legacy", International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47(5), pp.543~558 (2012)
- Grant, Adam M, "Giving Time, Time After Time: Work Design and Sustained Employee Participation in Corporate Volunteering", Academy of Management Review, 37(4), pp.589~615 (2012)
- Gratton, Chris, "Sport and Economic Regeneration in Cities", Urban Studies, 42(5, pp.6) (2005), 985~999
- Gratton, Chris, "The economic impact of major sports events: a review of ten events in the UK", The Sociological Review, pp.41~58 (2006)
- leisures as volunteering: An international assessment, "Volunteering as leisure", pp.2004, Green, B. Christine
- Hall, Colin Michael, "Hallmark Tourist Events: Impacts, Management and Planning" (1992), Belhaven Press
- Hall, Tim, "The entrepreneurial city" (1998), John Wiley
- Hill, Christopher R, "Olympic Politics, Athens to Atlanta 1896-1996" (1996), Manchester University Press
- Hoye, Russell, "Volunteer motives and retention in community sport: A study of Australian rugby clubs", International Journal of Volunteering, 13, pp.40~48 (2008)
- Ilsley, Paul. J, "Enhancing the Volunteer Experience" (1990), Jossey-Bass Publishers
- "Olympic Marketing Fact File" (2012)[URL]
- Kasimati, Evangelia., "Economic aspects and the Summer Olympics: a review of related research", International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, pp.433~444 (2003)
- Leitner, Heiga, "The limits of local initiatives: a reassessment of urban entrepreneurialism for urban development", Urban Geography, 14, pp.57~77 (1993)
- Malfas, M., "Impacts of the Olympic Games as mega-events", Municipal Engineer, 157(ME3), pp.209~220 (2004)
- Mihalik, Brian J, "Resident perceptions of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games- Year II", Festival Management and Event Tourism, 5(1), pp.9~19 (1998)
- Mules, Trevor, "An economic perspective on major events", Tourism Economics, 12(2), pp.107~117 (1996)
- Newman, Harvey K, "Neighborhood impacts of Atlanta's Olympic games", Community Development Journal, 34(2), pp.151~159 (1999)
- Nichols, Geoff, "Social Inclusion through Volunteering: The Legacy Potential of the 2012 Olympic Games", Sociology, 45(5), pp.900~914 (2011)
- Nichols, Geoff, "Lessons from the Volunteering Legacy of 2002 Commonwealth Games", Urban Studies, 49(1), pp.169~184 (2012)
- Phillips, Laura, "Altruism, egoism or something else: Rewarding volunteers effectively and affordably", Southern Business Review, 36(1), pp.23~35 (2011)
- Putnam, Robert D, "The prosperous community: Social capital and public life", American Prospect, 4(13), pp.35~42 (1993)
- Putnam, Robert D, "Tuning in, Tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America", Political Science and Politics, pp.664~683 (1995)
- PWC, "“The economic impact of the Olympic Games” Price Waterhouse Coopers European economic outlook", 25~35 (2004)
- Robinson, David, "Social capital and voluntary activity", Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 17, pp.52~71 (2001)
- Roche, Maurice, "Mega-events, time and modernity", Time & Society, 12(1), pp.99~126 (2003)
- Rochester, Colin, "Volunteering and Society in the 21st Century" (2010), Palgrave Macmillan
- Ryan-Collins, J, "Fool's Gold" (2008), Community Links & nef
- Sanahuja, R. Vidal, "Olympic City: the city strategy 10years after the Olympic Games in 1992", Sports Events and Economic Impact (Conference paper) (2002)
- Sturmer, Stefan, "The Psychology of Pro-social Behaviour: Group Processes, Intergroup Relations and Helping" (2010), Wiley-Blackwell
- Taylor, Rebecca F, "Extending Conceptual Boundaries: Work, Voluntary Work and Employment", Work, Employment & Society, 18(1), pp.29~49 (2004)
- Twynam, Davis, "Leisure and Volunteer Motivation", Leisure, 27(3), pp.363~377 (2002)
- Veenstra, Gerry, "Home is where the governing is: social capital and regional health governance", Health and Place, 5(1), pp.1~12 (1999)
- Whitson, David, "Underestimated costs and overestimated benefits? Comparing the outcomes of sports mega-events in Canada and Japan", The Sociological Review, 54(2), pp.71~89 (2006)
- Wilson, John, "Volunteering", Annual Review of Sociology, 26, pp.215~240 (2000)