주자의 『자치통감강목』의 「凡例」와 화서학파의 『송원화동사합편강목』의 「書法」 비교

Abstract

This thesis compared the historiographical method(書法, information for writing method) of Zizhi tongjiangangmu(Outline and Digest of the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government - hereafter Gangmu) written by Chuja(朱子, Zhu Xi 朱熹, 1130～1200) and Songwonhwadongsa-habpyeon Gangmok(宋元華東史合編綱目 hereafter Hwadonggangmok, 華東綱目) written by disciples of Hwaseo(華西 Lee Hwang-No 李恒老, 1792-1868). The conclusion of this reserch are as follows:1. Chuja had thought that the Zizhi-tongjian(資治通鑑, Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government) was difficult to read and it had a problem displaying legitimate dynasty tradition(正統論). Chuja therefore invented the pattern of gang(綱 drawing rope of a fisher's net : writing meta-data, essential points, subjects written in a large font) and mu(目 meshes of the net: describing details written in a small font) to create a type of historiography. He classified the era of unification dynasty of China as a legitimate dynasty, and the other division era of China as a illegitimate dynasty. The emperor era name of the legitimate dynasty was written in red large font, on the other hand, other dynasties was written in black small font. In result, the book had highly readable typography. By this criteria Chuja defined the main 19 topics and sub-topics that should be written in the gang and mok. The main 19 topics were about the Legitimate Succession of Dynasty(統系), a 60-year cycle Chinese calendar system(干支) - this should be written above the top line, meaning the heavenly way has to be respected - and Chinese Emperor Era name(年號)[歲年], naming a emperor and king(名號), accessing the throne(卽位), renewing an emperor’s era name(改元), respect naming the emperor's parents and appointing the crown prince(尊立), death and funeral(崩葬), traitors(簒賊), dethrone and sending into exile by subordination(廢徙), religious service(祭祀), round of inspection(行幸), favour(恩澤), a morning rally(朝會), dub(封拜), subjugation(征伐), dethrone and sending into exile by one's superior(廢黜), dismiss from office(罷免), nominate(人事), natural damage from a calamity(災異). The main features of historiography of gangmu style emphasized the legitimate dynasty(正統論), ‘praise and blame’(褒貶), the ideology of Revere the China and expel the barbarians, i.e. the foreigners(尊華攘夷), and suppressing traitors(討亂賊). 2. The thought of Choson Chunghwa Ideology under the banner of the Righteousness of Chunchu(春秋義理) by Song Siyeol(宋時烈, 1607~1689) had gradually taken shape since the Second Manchu invasion of Choson(1636, 丙子胡亂). Lee Hwang-No, with the increasingly intensive western impact into Chosun intended to preserve and revive the Confucianism by compilating historical material and correcting the Sokgangmok(續綱目). He regarded Weon(元) as barbarians and treated as Illegitimate Dynasty and combined the history of Koryo with it. For this purpose Hwadong Gangmok was compiled, which followed the historiography of the existed Sokgangmok(續綱目) and Yeosajegang(麗史提綱). But in the course of correcting it, Lee Hwang-No, Kim Pyeong-muk(金平默, 1819~1891), and Yu Jung-gyo(柳重敎, 1832-1893) also emphasized the ideology of revere the China and expel the foreigners(尊華攘夷) and to suppress traitors(討亂賊). 3. The historiographical method(Seobub, 書法) of Hwadong Gangmok written by Yu Jung-gyo largely followed the historiographical method(Bumrai, 凡例) of Gangmu written by Chuja. Yu Jung-gyo dealt with the same 19 topics and sub-topics that was written in ‘Bumrai’ but discussed it in terms of historical documents or events in the history of Song(宋), Kum(金), Weon(元) and Korea(高麗). 4. By these works Hwaseo school regarded themselves as the successor of Gongja, Chuja and Song Siyeol. All these reflect the influences of Chunchu, Gangmok and Song Siyeol's the Righteousness of Chunchu on Hwaseo school. Hwaseo school believed in preservation and development of Confucianism and its revival from Choson situated at the east of China according to the Yijing(易經, or Zhouyi 周易)'s world view that the east had been a symbol of Spring.