1919년 - 서구 역사학의 분기점?
1919 - A Watershed in the Development of Western Historiography?
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일차대전은 서구 역사학계의 판도에 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 가장 분명하게 드러난 현상은 주도권 변동이었다. 19세기 역사연구의 대명사였던 독일 역사학계는 종전을 기점으로 지배적 지위를 상실했다. 그 이유는 두 가지였다. 첫째, 패전과 베르사유 강화조약은 독일 역사학계의 주 관심을 ‘개전책임론’에 한정시켰다. 둘째, 이로 인해 독일에서 자라나고 있던 사회경제사 영역에 대한 관심이 새로운 패러다임의 출현에 필요한 이론・방법적 모색으로 발전될 수 있는 가능성이 소실되었다. 다른 서구 국가들에서도 새로운 역사학의 출현은 더뎠다. 미국을 제외하면, 그 어디서도 역사의 오용과 남용을 초래한 역사가들의 참전활동에 대해 충분한 비판이 제기되지 못했다. 무엇보다 베르사유 조약으로 인해 국가・민족 중심의 패러다임이 미국과 서유럽 국가들에서 여전히 영향력을 발휘했다. 그 결과 일차대전은 주목할 정도의 역사서술 혁신을 가져오지 못했다. 프랑스에서 아날학파가 독자적인 학술지를 창간하기는 했지만, 본격적인 방법론적 혁신을 위해서는 더 많은 시간이 필요했다. 현실의 엄청난 충격과 방법론적 혁신 사이에는 상당한 시간적 지체가 있었다. 이 점에서 볼 때, 일차대전 이후 10여년의 시간은 서구 역사학의 역사에서 하나의 막간극 같은 시기로 규정할 수 있겠다.
Abstract
The First World War had a great impact on the Western historiography. One of the most significant changes was the fact that Germany lost the hegemony in the historical academia. This happened for two reasons. Firstly, the loss of the war and the Treaty of Versailles limited the German historians’ interests in the cause and their nation’s responsibility of the war. Secondly, thus, the possibility of innovating the theories and methods of historical study in Germany disappeared gradually. The emergence of a new paradigm of historical study in other Western countries came rather slow. Except for the case of the United States of America, the wartime activities of the professional historians misusing history nowhere were criticized harshly. Mainly because of the Treaty of Versailles, the nation-oriented paradigm still played its influence on the historians in the major Western countries. The First World War was not accompanied by various attempts to challenge the conventional theories and methodologies of history. The historians needed more time to innovate the traditional paradigm radically. The Annales school in France was still in its initial state. There was a considerable time delay between the historians’ shock of the Great War and the emergence of a new matrix of historical studies. Therefore, the period from the end of the WWI to the 1920s in the history of the Western historiography could be defined as an interlude.
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