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쉬바계 뿌라나(Śaiva Purāṇa)의 링가 숭배 양상 - 링가(liṅga)의 의미와 기원을 중심으로 -

The Aspect of Liṅga - Worship in Śaiva Purāṇa

김현덕
인도철학회 (Korea Society for Indian Philosophy)|2016.08|인도철학 (Korean Journal of Indian Philosophy)|제47호|pp. 155-185|DOI 10.32761/kjip.2016..47.006

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참고문헌

키워드

Purāṇa쉬바Śiva샤이비즘링가Śaivism남근 숭배링가 숭배링가 제거담링가 출현담쉬바계 뿌라나쉬바 숭배LiṅgaLiṅga-cultLiṅgapātanaLiṅgodbhavaŚaiva PurāṇaŚiva-worshipPhallus-cult
주제분류철학

초록

인도종교에 있어, 쉬바(Śiva)신과 링가(liṅga)는 불가분의 관계를 형성하고 있다. ‘링가’가 쉬바(Śiva) 숭배, 즉 샤이비즘(Śaivism)에 있어 중요한 위치를 점하고 있다는 사실은 쉬바계 뿌라나(Śaiva Purāṇa)를 통해 뒷받침된다. 예를 들어 쿠르마 뿌라나(Kūrma-Purāṇā)나 쉬바 뿌라나(Śiva-Purāṇa)는 링가 숭배가 쉬바에 대한 다른 어떠한 숭배보다도 중요하다는 점을 강조하고 있으며 마하바라타(Mahabhārata)나 라마야나(Rāmāyaṇa)와 같은 서사시에서도 쉬바신의 상징으로서 숭배되는 링가가 거론되고 있다. 이러한 까닭에, 링가와 또한 그것의 기원에 관한 논의는 샤이비즘은 물론 힌두이즘을 이해하는데 있어 간과할 수 없는 요소라고 하겠다. 링가가 주는 에로틱한 인상은 쉬 지워지지 않는 것이다. 그래서인지 오래전부터 링가의 기원을 남근(男根)으로 볼 것인지의 여부를 두고 많은 논란이 있어 왔다. 본 논문은 이러한 논란의 연장선상에 있는 것이 아니라, 샤이비즘의 근본 경전이라고 평할 수 있는 쉬바계 뿌라나 속에서 언급되는 링가 관련 기술에 대한 검토를 그 목적으로 한다. 즉 쉬바계 뿌라나에 한정하여 링가의 의미와 링가 숭배의 기원, 수용상을 되새기고자 한다. 이를 위해 뿌라나에 편입되어 있는 ‘링가 출현담(liṅgodbhava)’과 ‘링가 제거담(liṅgapātana)’이라 칭할 수 있는 이야기의 내용을 개관하면서 그것들이 링가 숭배를 어떻게 풀어가는지 살펴볼 것이다.

Abstract

The most important aspect of the Śiva-cult is the worship of the Liṅga. It is supported through the Śaiva Purāṇa that the Liṅga occupies an important position in Śiva worship, Śaivism. For example, Kūrma Purāṇa and Śiva Purāṇa emphasize that the Liṅga-cult is the most important than any other cult. In addition, The Liṅga worshiped as a symbol of Śiva, has been mentioned in epics such as the Mahabhārata or the Rāmāyaṇa. Hence the discussion of the Liṅga and its origin are the element cannot be ignored. An erotic impression which the Liṅga is having is not easily erased one. So for a long time, there has been so much debates about the origin of the Liṅga was the phallus or not. This paper is not intended to continue these discussions. It is intended to review of the related statements to the Liṅga mentioned in the Śaiva Purāṇa, the fundamental scripts of the Śaivism. In other words, it looks the meaning of the Liṅga and the origin of the Liṅga-cult, and its acceptance confined to the Śaiva Purāṇa. For this, I’ll overview the contents of the story inserted in the Purāṇas, liṅgodbhava and liṅgapātana. These stories are designed by purāṇakāras to give a philosophical appearance to the phallus-cult. And it also plays a role to give some legitimacy of The Liṅga-cult. The stories about the Liṅga are very diverse. Because the Śiva-cult is intricately connected with the Liṅga as a symbol and as a phallus, the Liṅga-cult that has two meanings and phallus-cult. And these features can be found only in the Śiva-cult. So the Liṅga should have a meaning in relationship with Śiva. According to the Śaiva Purāṇa, the Liṅga is a visible symbol but it has the character of the Absolute being, Śiva, who is invisible. Śiva has a shape of Brahmā(Brahmarūpī), and has no part(niṣkala) and no sign(aliṅga). He is the source of the unmanifested liṅga and the owner of the Liṅga(liṅgī). That is why the Liṅga has no shape and there is no deeds bigger than its worship. As a result Śiva should have worshipped in the form of the Liṅga.

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