각성된 죽음, 자이나교의 살레카나
Awaking Death, the Sallekhāna of Jainism
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살레카나(sallekhanā)는 단식과 명상을 통해 신체와 욕망을 바르게 소멸시켜 영혼의 자유를 도모하는 임종시의 수행법이다. 현 인도에서 자살로 판결되어 논란중인 살레카나는 자발적 으로 죽음을 단행한다는 점에서 자살의 형태를 띠지만, 내적인 동기와 방법에 있어서 자살과 정 반대의 성격을 지닌다. 본고에서는 살레카나의 본질과 의의를 밝히기 위해 우선 살레카나의 어의와 다양한 동의어, 죽음을 직시하고 대결하는 자이나교의 생사관, 17종에 이르는 다양한 죽음 분류속의 살레카나의 위치를 정리했다. 다음으로 공의파 수행서인 Ratnakaraṇdaśrāvakācāra(RK)와 백의파 요가서인 Yogaśāstra(YŚ)의 살레카나장을 분석하여 살레카나 서약의 실행과정을 밝혔다. 이어서 전통과 현대의 다양한 실행 사례를 든 후, 마지막으로 각성된 죽음의식으로서 살레카나가 지닌 가치를 드러냈다. 전 세계적으로 유례없는 자발적이고 각성된 이 죽음의 방법은 현대사회의 법률과 가치가 재단하기에 앞서, 죽음을 초월하고자 하는 인간 본연의 자유의 힘찬 표현이므로 귀중한 지표로서 존중되고 연구되어야 한다.
Abstract
Sallekhanā is the ascetic practice extinguishing the body and the desire through a fasting and a meditation appropriately to realize the freedom of the soul. Nowadays in India, Sallekhanā has been disputed whether it is a kind of suicide or not. We could say it as a suicide because it is a death by oneself, but from the motive and method for death, it is very different to a ordinary suicide. So this paper considers the essence and meaning of Sallekhanā. In chapter Ⅱ, This paper examines many synonyms of sallekhanā, the view of life and death, 17 kinds of forms of death of Jainism. This paper also in chapter Ⅲ examines the definition, vows, and process of sallekhanā written in the chapter on sallekhanā in the Ratnakaraṇdaśrāvakācāra(RK) which is a text of Digambara, and Yogaśāstra(YŚ) which is a text of Śvētāmbara. In chapter Ⅳ, this paper presents traditional and modern examples of sallekhanā. We think that Sallekhana should be understood and valued as the expression of intrinsic freedom of human for transcending death before it is judged by the law.
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