『사르바다르샤나상그라하』(Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha) 제13장 「빠니니다르샤나」(Pāṇinidarśana)의 연구 (Ⅰ): 문법학은 어떻게 다르샤나가 될 수 있는가?
A Study of the Pāṇinidarśana Chapter of the Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha (I): How Can Vyākaraṇa Become a Darśana?
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초록
산스끄리뜨 전통에서 문법학(vyākaraṇa)은 베다를 이해하기 위한 가장 중요한 보조학문(vedāṅga) 중의 하나이다. 학문으로서의 문법학은 베다뿐만 아니라 다른 모든 학문을 이해하기 위한 필수 요소이다. 더욱이 문법학은 완전한 철학체계(darśana)로 발전하여 삶의 궁극적 목적(puruṣārtha)에 이르는 방법으로까지 발전한다. 그렇지만 문법학에 해탈(mokṣa)에 도달하는 수단의 지위가 부여되었음에도 불구하고 철학으로서의 문법학을 다루는 독립적인 산스끄리뜨 텍스트는 존재하지 않는다. 이런 의미에서 마다바(Sāyaṇa Mādhava)가 저술한 Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha는 인도철학사에서도 독특한 위치를 차지한다. Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha의 제13장인 Pāṇinidarśana는 앞부분에서 형태론적 언어학을 다루고, 뒷부분에서 형이상학 언어학을 다루는데, 본고에서는 형태론적 문법학이 다르샤나로 전개되는 과정을 탐구하기 위하여 우선 형태론과 관련된 앞부분을 검토하였다. 다르샤나의 조건은 첫째, 인간과 세계의 진리, 즉 실재(tattva)에 대한 통찰과 이해이고, 둘째, 실재에 대한 지식을 통해 실용적 이익 또는 해탈에 도달하는 것이다. 마다바에 따르면 세계를 만든 언어의 생성원리에 대한 학문이 문법학이고 그것에 숙달되면 최고의 신 브라흐만과 동등해질 수 있게 되었다. 그러므로 문법학은 다르샤나가 될 조건을 충분히 갖춘 것이다.
Abstract
In the Sanskrit tradition, grammar (vyākaraṇa) is one of the most important auxiliary studies (vedāṅga) for understanding the Vedic. Grammar as an academic discipline is essential to understanding not only Vedic, but all other disciplines. Moreover, grammar is considered as a way to develop into a complete philosophical system (darśana) and reach the ultimate goal of life (puruṣārtha). Interestingly, although grammar was given the status of a means of reaching liberation (mokṣa), there is no independent Sanskrit text that deals with grammar as a philosophy. In this sense, Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha written by Sāyaṇa Mādhava occupies an important place in Indian philosophy. This is because Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha is the only saṅgraha literature that provides a summary of the core of the Sanskrit grammar philosophy. Grammar was the only vedāṅga to develop into darśana, but the philosophy of grammar did not have its own philosophical text, unlike other six darśanas, and, consequently, it did not appear in most saṅgraha literature. However, it was first published in the name Pāinidarśana in Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha written by Mādhava in the Middle Ages. Pāṇinidarśana deals with morphology in the first half and metaphysical aspects of language in the second half. In this article, I first reviewed the front part related to morphology in order to explore the process in which morphological grammar is developed into metaphysics. The conditions of darśana are, first, insight and understanding of the truth of man and the world, that is, tattva. Second, it is to reach practical merit or liberation through knowledge of reality. The principle of creation of words that made the world is grammar, and studying it makes it possible to become equivalent to the greatest great god Brahman. Therefore, grammar can become darśana.
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