Two Emergent Models in Grief
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The popular and traditional models in grief are the stage model. Bowlby's and Kubler-Ross's stage models are analyzed. His model consists of four phases in mourning including numbing, yearning and searching for the lost figure, disorganization and despai, and reorganization. Her model is composed of five stages: denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The stage models are criticized. They assume that grief is the emotionally linear process. They overemphasize universality and simplicity with ignoring individual differences or multiplicity. They view the griever as a passive victim, and consider the attachment to those who died as dysfunction. They do not recognize the influence of the griever's personality, family, society, and culture upon grief. Overcoming the challenges, there emerge Martin and Doka's model of grieving styles and Stroebe and Schut's dual process model. Martin and Doka's model is consisted of grieving styles and adaptive strategies. In their model, there are four grieving styles such as intuitive, instrumental, blended, and dissonant grieving styles. And there are four strategies that an individual employs in managing her or his grieving styles. They are cognitive, affective, behavioral, and spiritual strategies. Stroebe and Schut's dual process model identifies stressors and adaptive coping process in grief. It specifies the two types of stressors in grief such as loss-oriented and restoration-oriented. And it shows that the functional coping process is composed of fluid fluctuation between confrontation and avoidance. Based on the two emergent models in grief, three guidelines are formulated in the Korean pastoral care of the grievers. First, the intuitive grieving style or grief work is respected and promoted. Second, both loss-and restoration-oriented care are encouraged and implemented. Third, free fluctuation between confrontation and avoidance and open oscillation between loss- and restoration-oriented are accepted and supported.
Abstract
The popular and traditional models in grief are the stage model. Bowlby's and Kubler-Ross's stage models are analyzed. His model consists of four phases in mourning including numbing, yearning and searching for the lost figure, disorganization and despai, and reorganization. Her model is composed of five stages: denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. The stage models are criticized. They assume that grief is the emotionally linear process. They overemphasize universality and simplicity with ignoring individual differences or multiplicity. They view the griever as a passive victim, and consider the attachment to those who died as dysfunction. They do not recognize the influence of the griever's personality, family, society, and culture upon grief. Overcoming the challenges, there emerge Martin and Doka's model of grieving styles and Stroebe and Schut's dual process model. Martin and Doka's model is consisted of grieving styles and adaptive strategies. In their model, there are four grieving styles such as intuitive, instrumental, blended, and dissonant grieving styles. And there are four strategies that an individual employs in managing her or his grieving styles. They are cognitive, affective, behavioral, and spiritual strategies. Stroebe and Schut's dual process model identifies stressors and adaptive coping process in grief. It specifies the two types of stressors in grief such as loss-oriented and restoration-oriented. And it shows that the functional coping process is composed of fluid fluctuation between confrontation and avoidance. Based on the two emergent models in grief, three guidelines are formulated in the Korean pastoral care of the grievers. First, the intuitive grieving style or grief work is respected and promoted. Second, both loss-and restoration-oriented care are encouraged and implemented. Third, free fluctuation between confrontation and avoidance and open oscillation between loss- and restoration-oriented are accepted and supported.
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