Political Culture and Collective Action: Applying South Korea’s Democratization Model to Iran’s Green Movement
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Why did Iran’s Green Movement in 2009 and South Korea’s democratization movement in 1987 led to divergent outcomes? This paper utilizes the within-case study analysis methodology called process-tracing to examine socio-political events that underlied these two movements. The analysis shows that both movements shared several conditions that led to the formation of social and political capital, yet this paper argues that the causal relationships between independent variables revealed two vastly different political cultures. Compared to Iran, South Korea’s political culture was homogenized, although a temporary one, with the New Korea Democratic Party (NKDP)’s successful consolidation of the nation’s various civic groups, including radical student groups, for the purpose of eliciting support from the middle-class. South Korea’s dissident politicians formed a united opposition front and a consolidated protest theme. Therefore, the formation of the NKDP and its electoral alignment with civil-society groups led to a mass mobilization, which was focused and targeted with centripetal momentum. In contrast, Iran’s opposition forces were fragmented and lacked synchronized protest themes. While the Guardian Council’s enormous influence vetted the number of reform-minded candidates, Iran’s political culture witnessed a wide spectrum of differing political ideals and attitudes. Mir Hossein Mousavi, Mohammad Khatami, and Mehdi Karroubi advocated the fundamental principles of the Islamic Republic while many of Iran’s young men and women aimed to bring down the very system of which the Green Movement leaders were a part. In addition, Iran’s constitution is viewed to lack the democratic notions that are understood in the western sense of the political culture framework. In the end,Mousavi was criticized for failing to co-opt the support of civic-society groups in Iran, including ordinary Iranian citizens. Nevertheless, the Green Movement represented Iran’s poly-vocal culture in which a plethora of diverse political ideals and attitudes was embedded and which Iran’s opposition politicians can attempt to accommodate by moderating and splintering their stance.
Abstract
Why did Iran’s Green Movement in 2009 and South Korea’s democratization movement in 1987 led to divergent outcomes? This paper utilizes the within-case study analysis methodology called process-tracing to examine socio-political events that underlied these two movements. The analysis shows that both movements shared several conditions that led to the formation of social and political capital, yet this paper argues that the causal relationships between independent variables revealed two vastly different political cultures. Compared to Iran, South Korea’s political culture was homogenized, although a temporary one, with the New Korea Democratic Party (NKDP)’s successful consolidation of the nation’s various civic groups, including radical student groups, for the purpose of eliciting support from the middle-class. South Korea’s dissident politicians formed a united opposition front and a consolidated protest theme. Therefore, the formation of the NKDP and its electoral alignment with civil-society groups led to a mass mobilization, which was focused and targeted with centripetal momentum. In contrast, Iran’s opposition forces were fragmented and lacked synchronized protest themes. While the Guardian Council’s enormous influence vetted the number of reform-minded candidates, Iran’s political culture witnessed a wide spectrum of differing political ideals and attitudes. Mir Hossein Mousavi, Mohammad Khatami, and Mehdi Karroubi advocated the fundamental principles of the Islamic Republic while many of Iran’s young men and women aimed to bring down the very system of which the Green Movement leaders were a part. In addition, Iran’s constitution is viewed to lack the democratic notions that are understood in the western sense of the political culture framework. In the end,Mousavi was criticized for failing to co-opt the support of civic-society groups in Iran, including ordinary Iranian citizens. Nevertheless, the Green Movement represented Iran’s poly-vocal culture in which a plethora of diverse political ideals and attitudes was embedded and which Iran’s opposition politicians can attempt to accommodate by moderating and splintering their stance.
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