제6공화국의 외교안보정책(1988-1992)에 관한 일 연구
The Nordpolitik as President Rho Tae Woo's New Foreign Policy, 1988-1992
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제6공화국 노태우정부의 외교안보정책인 북방정책은 한반도에서 냉전기의 외교안보정책의 기조인 억지정책을 체계적으로 변경하게 된 최초의 포용정책의 사례라고 할 수 있다. 불과 수년 동안에 노태우정부는 북방의 3개 공산주의 국가들－소련, 중국, 북한－과 관계정상화를 시도하여 이를 성사시켰다. 소련과의 수교와 중국과의 수교, 그리고 북한과의 2개의 주요협약, 즉 남북기본합의서와 비핵화공동선언의 체결이 이루어졌고 남북한의 유엔 동시 가입도 이루어졌다. 이 논문은 제6공화국 노태우행정부가 어떻게 하여 대북정책의 급격한 변화를 가져오는 이런 새로운 외교정책을 입안하였으며 또 어떻게 하여 이런 정책이 추진되었는지를 살펴보았다. 본 논문은 (1)노태우대통령의 북방정책이 민주화의 원리와 데탕트정책의 원칙에 기반하였고, (2)국제적으로 미국의 의존도를 줄이며 자주성을 추구하면서도 한미동맹을 중시한 정책이라는 점과 (3)북한의 국제사회에의 적응과 개방을 유도하는 포용정책이라는 점도 밝혔다. 북한도 남한의 유화정책에 동조하여 유엔동시가입과 불가침조약에 사인했다. 그러나 이런 남북간의 화해조치에도 불구하고, 중, 소로부터 소외된 북한의 고립감은 근본적으로 해소되지 못하였다. 결국 북한의 핵개발 정책은 미국과의 긴장과 갈등을 유발하였고 이후 불거져 나온 북핵위기는 이러한 노태우정부의 북방정책의 성과를 급속히 역사의 뒤안길로 밀어냈다.
Abstract
Containment has been a major doctrine for post-WWII South Korea's foreign policy toward North Korea. But in 1988, Rho Tae Woo government declared a new foreign policy doctrine, the so-called Nordpolitik(Northern policy). In a few years, President Rho has fully launched systematic efforts to pursue normalization with Northeast Asian communist powers- Russia, China, and North Korea. The phenomenal success of the Nordpolitik of Rho Tae Woo administration was accomplished by 2 normalization cases and signing of 2 major agreements with North Korea. Two Korea's simultaneous entry into the U N as full members was accorded with a non-aggression pact. The purpose of this paper is to review the Nordpolitik of the President Rho Tae Woo in historical perspective of South Korea's evolving policy of engaging North Korea. The foreign policy of the Nordpolitik was a new foreign policy modifying traditional containment doctrine. Democratization and détente were main ideas of the President Rho Tae Woo's Nordpolitik. Autonomy was envisioned as a major goal of the Nordpolitik but alliance with the U.S. was pivotal during and after the whole processes. The unresolved problem of the Northern policy was Pyongyang's sense of security crisis resulting from sense of abandonment and isolation from her former allies. Although there were genuine measures for the Seoul's engagement policy, Seoul could not maintain the momentum toward reconciliation for long. Instead, the nuclear crisis of the North Korea quickly developed into a major problem in Northeast Asia. It effectively terminated President Rho's engagement policy.
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