정체성의 안보화와 걸프 국가들의 시아파 차별 정책: 바레인과 사우디아라비아를 중심으로
Securitization of Identity and Gulf Monarchies’ Shia Discrimination Policy: in the cases of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia
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2011년 아랍의 봄 발발 이후 걸프 왕국들은 아랍 국가의 국민들이 권위주의 정권에 대항하여 민주화와 정권 교체를 요구하면서 정권 생존에 대한 위협을 지속적으로 받아왔다. 국내에서 반정부 시위가 계속되면서 이 반정부 시위는 정권 교체나 민주화뿐만 아니라 시아파에 대한 차별 정책의 철회와 평등한 기회를 요구하였다. 이러한 사건들은 이란의 영향력 확대를 우려하는 걸프 왕실의 정권 안보에 대한 우려를 더욱 증폭시켰고, 이에따라 시아파에 대한 차별 정책을 더욱 강화하고 시아파의 확대를 방지함으로써 정권에 대한 위협을 줄이려고 시도하였다. 본 연구는 코펜하겐 학파의 안보화 이론을 사용하여 바레인과 사우디아라비아의 사례를 이용하여 정권 안보를 위한 시아파 문제의 안보화를 통해 차별 정책을 설명하려 했다. 아랍의 봄 이후 정권교체에 대한 불안이 커지자 이 두 왕국은 시아파를 안보화하는 차별 정책을 시행하였고, 시아파에 대한 사회적 차별, 언론 통제, 정치적 영향력 제한 등이 여러 사례로 확인되었다.
Abstract
Since the Arab Spring in 2011, the Gulf monarchies have been under constant threat to their regime survival due to the people of Arab countries demanding democratization and regime change from dictatorships. Anti-government protests continued within the monarchies, but protests continued to require not only regime change or democratization but also the withdrawal of discriminatory policies against Shia and equal opportunities. These events further increased the Gulf monarchies’ concerns about regime security, which were concerned about the expansion of Iran’s influence, and they attempted to reduce the threat to their regimes by further strengthening discriminatory policies against Shia and preventing their expansion. This study explains the discriminatory policies through the securitization of Shia issues for regime security using the securitization theory of the Copenhagen School to examine the cases of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.. These two monarchies implemented discriminatory policies by securitizing Shia amidst growing anxiety about regime change after the Arab Spring, and various cases confirmed social discrimination, media control, and restrictions on the political influence of Shia.
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