자연주의적 힘의 담론과 사회비판--프랭크 노리스의『문어』 읽기
The Naturalist Discourse of Force and Social Criticism: A Reading of Frank Norris’s The Octopus
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Abstract
Projected as an epic of the West, Frank Norris’s The Octopus examines the socio-economic upheaval caused by capitalization in turn-of-the-century America instead of valorizing the heroic conquest of the American West. The novel vividly depicts the mechanization and industrialization of the American West in which machines and mechanical production increasingly come to dominate man and nature. The Octopus further explores the contradictions of American industrial capitalism, dramatizing a confrontation between wheat ranchers and the railroad, historically known as the Mussel Slough. Though inaccurate in historical details, the novel catches the significance of the event as one of class conflict and successfully portrays it in a naturalistic fashion as an inevitable outcome of capitalism. The novel’s notorious conclusion that optimistically reduces violent social conflicts to the transient moments of the benevolent progress of force attests to Norris’s participation in the discourse of force of Social Darwinism that justified and fostered American capitalism and imperialism. The discourse of force which is abstractly asserted, however, neither accords with nor outweighs the conflicts and contradictions artistically delineated as unavoidable in American society. Despite the New Historicist argument for the complicity of the novel with the dominant ideology of Norris’s America, the formal dissonance between social conflicts and the ideological discourse of force that attempts to efface them produces the artistic effect of exposing the limitation and falsity of capitalistic ideology. Thus, the social criticism of the novel culminates in this moment of debunking the dominant ideology of American society.
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