역사·소설·영화-『암흑의 핵심』과 『지옥의 묵시록 리덕스』의 콘텍스트 읽기
History․Fiction․Film: Contextualizing Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Coppola's Apocalypse Now Redux
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Abstract
The central concern of this essay is to examine Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Coppola's Apocalypse Now Redux in historical, cultural, and political contexts. In an essay written in 1904 Conrad made a distinction between fiction and history, arguing “Fiction is history, human history, or it is nothing. But it is also more than that.” Despite his argument, Heart of Darkness among his novels turns out to be the text most closely related to ‘human history,’ since this novella is a thinly disguised description of an actual historical situation: Belgian King Leopold II's colonial exploitation of the Congo. In order to provide ‘suggestiveness’ and ‘illusion’ for his own artistic work, however, Conrad does not make it explicit that Belgian colonialism is the main target of his critique. A big mistake the reader of the novella tends to make is to “read it as a parable for all times and places, not as a book about one time and place.” What today's reader should keep in mind is the fact that, despite the colonial mood prevailing in the late nineteenth-century Europe, Conrad's Heart of Darkness bitterly castigated contemporary Belgian colonial ideologies. Coppola's Apocalypse Now Redux places the Vietnam War in a larger historical context, drawing a parallel between the nineteenth-century Belgian colonialism and the twentieth-century American colonialism. The 1979 Apocalypse Now, some critics assert, shuns historical verisimilitude and reference in favor of mythical or surrealistic methods, thereby ‘dehistoricizing’ its historical subject. This assertion, however, is not true for the 2001 Apocalypse Now Redux, since some episodes which were restored to this film serve to reinforce its realism by supplying historical and political contexts. A scene strongly criticizing Americans for “fighting for the biggest nothing in history,” for instance, helps to give the film tremendous political depth. Coppola’s exposure of the dark history of America through this Vietnam War film updates what Conrad accomplished through his novella about 100 years ago. As a modern interpretation of Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Coppola's Apocalypse Now Redux reaffirms the proposition that ‘history is a continuous dialogue between the present and the past.’
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