對明義理論의 推移와 朝鮮 關王廟-宣祖~肅宗 年間을 中心으로-

Abstract

This study considered the significance and change in status of Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) at Chosun(朝鮮) dynasty depending on the change of Damyeong Euiri Discourse(對明義理論). The change in status of Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) is seen to have everything to do with that of Damyeong Euiri Discourse(對明義理論) at that time at Chosun(朝鮮). It is noteworthy that attention to Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) was not paid during the reign of Hyojong(孝宗) when political situations went with Plan for Northern Subjugation(北伐論), promoting the atmosphere of worship- ping martial arts. However, by the time Plan for Northern Subjugation(北伐論) led by the ruling class was virtually halted, attention to Gwan- wangmyo(關王廟) was back. The trends of Damyeong Euiri Discourse(對明義理論) along with the revival of Theory of Esteem China(尊周論) and Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) had a crucial effect on the change in status of Gwanwangmyo(關王廟). While Ming Dynasty was highly influential in Chosun(朝鮮) after the Japanese invasion of Chosun in 1592-1598(壬辰倭亂), Chosun(朝鮮) had to accede to a demand of Ming China in the name of “Chaejojien(再造之恩)”. Thus, when Ming demanded construction of Gwanwangmyo(關王廟), although it was considered to be negative, Chosun(朝鮮) had to establish and constantly manage it in case Ming government officials visited Chosun(朝鮮). In the meantime, Seonjo(宣祖) and Gwanghaegoon(光海君) thought highly of Kwanwoo(關羽)’s loyalty based on the belief of serving but one king and wanted to enhance awareness of martial arts in Chosun(朝鮮) society through the fact that Chosun(朝鮮) defeated Japanese invaders. However, the criticism that Chosun(朝鮮) did not always accede to a demand of Ming might be seen according to the value of Neo- Confucianism. During the rule of Hyojong(孝宗), there was no interest in Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) for a while. This is because at that point, Gwan- wangmyo(關王廟) was common in Quing dynasty regarded as bar- barians, the idea was heterogeneous for Chosun(朝鮮), and neo-Confucian values was consolidated further. This period of forgetting it served as a momentum that Chinese aspects of Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) disappeared. During the rule of Sukjong(肅宗), Theory of Esteem China(尊周論) was redefined as a new awareness of the time and its value was reviewed. Because Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) was a historical site which revealed the culture of Ming dynasty, it was suitable for arousing “Chaejojien(再造之恩)”, which emphasized loyalty to Ming dynasty. Also, from the late 17th century, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms(三國志演義) was prevailing. Because it succeeded to Authentic Theory of Shu Han(蜀漢正統論) by Chu His, it shared the same idea as Theory of Esteem China(尊周論). In fact, the review of Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) aimed to enhance Theory of Esteem China(尊周論). In this respect, the element of Buddhism and Taoism disappeared and Neo-Confucian loyalty superficially revived in Chosun(朝鮮)’s own way. When Chosun(朝鮮) Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) was firstly introduced, by depriving religious Chinese Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) intermixed with Buddhism, Taoism, and Neo-Confucianism of the element of Buddhism and Taoism, it could revive as space for fulfilling Kwanwoo during the rule of Sukjong(肅宗). The reason Chosun(朝鮮) Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) was emphasized as space for loyalty was that Chosun(朝鮮)’s kings had a strong will on strengthening sovereign power. Particularly, by visiting Gwanwangmyo(關王廟) on the way to a trip to the royal tomb and military marching, they boosted the atmosphere of worshipping martial arts and highlighted loyalty to the crown.