1910년대 『朝鮮衛生風習錄』에 나타난 식민지 위생조사와 의료민속 실태

Abstract

This study aims to review the characteristics of the colony hygiene survey and the actual condition of Chosun’s medical custom during the Japanese ruling period based on understanding 『Collection of the Chosun Hygiene Custom(朝鮮衛生風習錄)』, the publication by the Government General of Chosun National Police Agency of the result of the first nationwide survey on hygiene custom in Korea in 1910’s. Japanese Government conducted the ‘Old Custom Survey’ on the overall life style and the folk culture of people in Chosun to confirm its colony government system. At that time, the Government General of Chosun mobilized more than 5,000 of Sanitary Polices stationed in the provinces, and conducted the survey on the overall medical custom in entire Chosun’s territory. 『Collection of the Chosun Hygiene Custom(朝鮮衛生風習錄)』 records the result of the survey conducted by the sanitary department of the police in the nation’s 13 provinces for “maxims, proverbs, folk remedies,shamanic treatments, general practices and general customs” vividly displaying regular and irregular cares, disease prevention and folk treatments according to the local customs. Also, the seasonal customs, empirical treatments, shamanic treatment, taboos,proverbs, general practices, plays, food customs, ceremonies and disease recognitions as well as the entire related passage rites such as folk beliefs, spiritual concepts, marriages,pregnancies, births and deaths are included to reflect recognitions and responds of Chosun people for diseases so that the collection can be evaluated as a medical ethonography. Through the survey record closely reporting the actual situations, Japanese government checked Chosun people’s life styles and statuses and their shamanic customs and folk beliefs to use to establish the cause and the logic to justify their rule of Chosun. Also, the sanitary politics were utilized for not only their means for indiscreet governance invading and controlling the daily life of each Chosun people, but control of the life style and the hygiene related folk beliefs and shamanic religions. Through the proverbs and the maxims listed in 『Collection of the Chosun Hygiene Custom(朝鮮衛生風習錄)』 publicized with the purpose as above, Chosun people’s concepts of disease are found from the large categorization of the life style, the daily behavior patterns, the folk belief and the shamanic concept. The base of Chosun people’s recognition on disease during the Japanese ruling period can be viewed to be formed by the integrated action of the knowledge system learned from not only traditional medical books, but the documents recorded by the noble class interested in the health care and the life experience and the elements of folk beliefs. Chosun’s folk treatments based on the traditional recognition of disease occurrence are classified as the drug treatment, the physical treatment and the shamanic treatment. Manures of human and livestock, grasses and weeds and soils were used for medicine materials while organs, fleshes, placentas and blood of human and animal organs were recognized as the cure for all diseases. The medicine materials are considered to be used because the ingredients included in the material have a certain degree of efficacy for disease treatments. The physical treatment, the general treatment frequently conducted even today, was appeared in combined forms with shamanic contacts to move patients’ diseases to animals and Yin and Yang Theory for incurable diseases at that time. The shamanic treatment showed, according to each disease’s folk understanding and curing possibility, as either a ghost-chase which forcing a ghost out from the patient or, in opposite, a measure to have a ghost return by giving a great entertainment ceremony. This hygiene custom used be a universal culture in East Asia appearing not only in Korea, but also in China and Japan. Therefore, the folk treatment is found to have been performed through historical courses based on the disease recognition formed with the knowledge system of the society’s members and complex cultural elements.