한국어 감정 음성에서 모멜로 추출한 피치 곡선 연구
Study on Pitch Contour Extracted from Korean Emotional Speech Using Momel
2
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
An analysis of intonation contours extracted from Korean emotional speech using Momel is conducted. For the analysis, 360 sentence tokens of six emotions (happiness, anger, fear, sadness, neutral and boredom) produced by 6 actors (3 men and 3 women) are processed to extract acoustical feature values. The feature values include micro level features such as Pt (pitch point movement time), Pr (pitch point pitch range), Ps (pitch point pitch slope) and Pd (pitch point distance). In addition, sentence level features are included, such as Sr (sentence pitch range), Sf (sentence final pitch range) and Syl (syllables per second). Some micro level features (Pt and Pd) and all sentence level features (Sr, Ss, Sf, and Syl) show to be affected by emotions. Gender differences are not found in any of the micro level features whereas all of the sentence level features are affected by gender. In the same vein as the previous study on German emotional speech (Yi, 2014a), this study on Korean emotional speech is also showing that the emotions with high level arousal are differentiated from those with low level arousal by the acoustical features.
Abstract
An analysis of intonation contours extracted from Korean emotional speech using Momel is conducted. For the analysis, 360 sentence tokens of six emotions (happiness, anger, fear, sadness, neutral and boredom) produced by 6 actors (3 men and 3 women) are processed to extract acoustical feature values. The feature values include micro level features such as Pt (pitch point movement time), Pr (pitch point pitch range), Ps (pitch point pitch slope) and Pd (pitch point distance). In addition, sentence level features are included, such as Sr (sentence pitch range), Sf (sentence final pitch range) and Syl (syllables per second). Some micro level features (Pt and Pd) and all sentence level features (Sr, Ss, Sf, and Syl) show to be affected by emotions. Gender differences are not found in any of the micro level features whereas all of the sentence level features are affected by gender. In the same vein as the previous study on German emotional speech (Yi, 2014a), this study on Korean emotional speech is also showing that the emotions with high level arousal are differentiated from those with low level arousal by the acoustical features.
참고문헌 (32)
- Bachorowski J., "Vocal Expression of Emotion: Acoustic Properties of Speech are Associated with Emotional Intensity and Context", Psychological Science, 6, pp.219~224 (1995)
- Boersma, P., "Praat, a System for Doing Phonetics by Computer", Glot International, 5(9-10), pp.341~345 (2001)
- Generating Expression in Synthesized Speech, "Cahn, J.", MIT Media Lab, ~ (1990)
- Carlson, R., "Experiments with Emotive Speech: Acted Utterances and Synthesized Replicas", Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, pp.671~674 (1992)
- Daly, D., "Pitching it Differently in New Zealand English: Speaker Sex and Intonation Patterns", Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5(1), pp.85~96 (2001)
- Fitch, J., "Modal Vocal Fundamental Frequency of Young Adults", Archives of Otolaryngology, 92, pp.379~382 (1970)
- Graddol, D., "Speaking Fundamental Frequency: Some Physical and Social Correlates", Language and Speech, 26, pp.351~366 (1983)
- Hirst, D., "Automatic Modelling of Fundamental Frequency Using a Quadratic Spline Function", Travaux de l'Institut de Phonétique d'Aix, 15, pp.71~85 (1993)
- Hirst, D, "A Praat Plugin for Momel and INTSINT with Improved Algorithms for Modelling and Coding Intonation", Proceedings of the XVIth International Conference of Phonetic Sciences, pp.1233~1236 (2007)
- Hirst, D., "Prosody: Theory and Experiment", pp.51~87 (2000), Kluwer Academic Publishers
- Hudson, A., "A Study of the Reading Fundamental Vocal Frequency of Young Black Adults", Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 24, pp.197~200 (1981)
- Jun, S., "The Phonetics and Phonology of Korean Prosody", Ph. D., pp.1993
- Kitahara, Y., "Prosodic Control to Express Emotions for Man-machine Interaction. IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics", Communications and Computer Sciences, 75, pp.155~163 (1992)
- Ladd, D. Robert, "Stylized Intonation", Language, 54(3), pp.517~540 (1978)
- Ladd, D. Robert, "Intonational Phonology" (1996), Cambridge University Press
- Liberman, M., "The Intonational system of English", Ph. D., pp.1975
- Looze, C., "Detecting Changes in Key and Range for the Automatic Modelling and Coding of Intonation", Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2008, pp.135~138 (2008)
- Mozziconacci, S., "Speech Variability and Emotion: Production and Perception", Ph. D., pp.1998
- Pell, M., "Factors in the Recognition of Vocally Expressed Emotions: A Comparison of Our Languages", Journal of Phonetics, 37, pp.417~435 (2009)
- Pierrehumbert, Janet, "The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation", Ph. D., pp.1988
- Rodero, E., "Intonation and Emotion: Influence of pitch Levels and Contour type on Creating Emotions", Journal of Voice, 25(1), pp.e25~e34 (2011)
- Russell, J, "A Circumplex Model of Affect", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), pp.1161~1178 (1980)
- Silverman, K., "ToBI: A standard for labeling English Prosody", Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, pp.867~870 (1992)
- Stoicheff, M, "Speaking Fundamental Frequency Characteristics of Nonsmoking Female Adults", Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 24, pp.437~441 (1981)
- Vroomen, J., "Duration and intonation in emotional speech", European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology. Eurospeech-93, pp.577~580 (1993)
- Wang, D., "Piecewise linear stylization of pitch via wavelet analysis", Proceedings of Eurospeech 2005, pp.3277~3280 (2005)
- Williams, C., "Emotions and speech: Some acoustical factors", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 52, pp.1238~1250 (1972)
- 오재혁, "한국어 억양 곡선의 정규화 방안에 대한 연구", 한국어학, 62, pp.395~420 (2014), 한국어학회
- 오재혁, "자유 발화 자료에서 나타나는 한국어 억양 곡선의 기울기 특성에 대한 연구", 말소리와 음성과학, 6(1), pp.21~30 (2014), 한국음성학회[DOI]
- 이서배, "억양의 근접복사 유형화를 이용한 감정음성의 음향분석", 말소리와 음성과학, 6(3), pp.131~138 (2014), 한국음성학회[DOI]
- 이서배, "영어의 억양 유형화를 이용한 발화 속도와 남녀 화자에 따른 음향 분석", 말소리와 음성과학, 6(4), pp.79~90 (2014), 한국음성학회[DOI]
- 이서배, "영어 동시발화의 자동 억양궤적 추출을 통한 음향 분석", 말소리와 음성과학, 7(1), pp.97~105 (2015), 한국음성학회[DOI]