On the Use of the Token Yeah in ESL Learners’ Discourse
2
조회
0
다운로드
6
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Informed by Conversation Analysis (CA), this paper examines the use of the token yeah observed in adult ESL learners’ discourse by analyzing video-recorded small group interaction data collected from an English as a Second Language (ESL) class. The analysis results are discussed in two parts. The first part addresses how yeah is used to close down a turn constructional unit (TCU) before a possible completion in a way that surrenders, withdraws an action invoked, or adumbrates a stance displayed. It is speculated that this recurrent turn constructional pattern lies in learners’ lack of ability to retrieve a word(s) or overuse of certain lexical items. The second part discusses how yeah is used to mark the completion of a possibly complete turn, and frequently that of an extended turn, in the absence of a substantial uptake from a recipient. Based on this observation, I explore the possibility that ESL learners draw on interactional resources that are available to them, which may deviate from native speakers’ choice of resources in a comparable situation. Overall, this research shows that yeah is utilized as a strategic resource for dealing with various interactional exigencies, which often arise from learners’ linguistic difficulties. This line of research provides pedagogical implications for teaching English for interactional skills.
Abstract
Informed by Conversation Analysis (CA), this paper examines the use of the token yeah observed in adult ESL learners’ discourse by analyzing video-recorded small group interaction data collected from an English as a Second Language (ESL) class. The analysis results are discussed in two parts. The first part addresses how yeah is used to close down a turn constructional unit (TCU) before a possible completion in a way that surrenders, withdraws an action invoked, or adumbrates a stance displayed. It is speculated that this recurrent turn constructional pattern lies in learners’ lack of ability to retrieve a word(s) or overuse of certain lexical items. The second part discusses how yeah is used to mark the completion of a possibly complete turn, and frequently that of an extended turn, in the absence of a substantial uptake from a recipient. Based on this observation, I explore the possibility that ESL learners draw on interactional resources that are available to them, which may deviate from native speakers’ choice of resources in a comparable situation. Overall, this research shows that yeah is utilized as a strategic resource for dealing with various interactional exigencies, which often arise from learners’ linguistic difficulties. This line of research provides pedagogical implications for teaching English for interactional skills.
참고문헌 (27)
- Anping,H, "On the discourse marker so. In: New frontiers of corpus search", pp.41~52 (2002), Rodopi
- Carroll,D, "Precision timing in novice-to-novice L2 conversations", Issues in Applied Linguistics, 11, pp.67~110 (2000)
- Carroll,D, "Restarts in novice turn beginnings: Disfluencies or interactional achievements? In:Second language conversations", pp.201~220 (2004), Continuum
- Carroll,D, "Vowel-marking as an interactional resource in Japanese novice ESL conversation. In:Applying conversation analysis", pp.214~234 (2005), Palgrave Macmillan.
- Drummond, K, "Back channels revisited: Acknowledgment tokens and speakership incipiency", Research on Language & Social Interaction, 26(2), pp.157~177 (1993)
- Firth,A, "The discursive accomplishment of normality: On `lingua franca' English and conversation analysis", Journal of Pragmatics, 26(2), pp.237~259 (1996)
- Ford, C. E, "Interactional units in conversation: Syntactic, intonational, and pragmatic resources for the management of turns. In:Interaction and grammar", pp.134~184 (1996), Cambridge University Press
- Gardner,R, "When listeners talk: Response tokens and listener stance" (2001), John Benjamins.
- Hutchby, I, "Conversation analysis" (1998), Polity Press
- Jefferson,G, "Notes on a systematic deployment of the acknowledgement tokens 'yeah' and 'mmhm'", Papers in Linguistics, 17(2), pp.197~216 (1985)
- Koshik,I, "Designedly incomplete utterances: A pedagogical practice for eliciting knowledge displays in error correction sequences", Research on Language & Social Interaction, 35(3), pp.277~309 (2002)
- Lerner,G.H, "Turn design and the organization of participation in instructional activities", Discourse Processes, 19, pp.111~131 (1995)
- Lerner,G.H, "On the "semi-permeable" character of grammatical units in conversation: Conditional entry into the turn space of another speaker. In:Interaction and grammar", pp.238~276 (1996), Cambridge University Press
- Park,Yong-Yae, "Nonnative speakers’ use of yeah in English spoken discourse", Discourse and Cognition, 11(3), pp.85~105 (2004)
- dispreferred turn shapes. In:Structure of social action: Studies in conversation analysis, "Agreeing and disagreeing with assessment: Some features of preferred", pp.1984, Pomerantz,A
- Sacks, H, "A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation", Language, 50(4), pp.696~735 (1974)
- Schegloff,E.A, "Discourse as an interactional achievement: Some uses of “uh huh” and other things that come between Sentences. In:Analyzing discourse: Text and talk", pp.71~93 (1982), Georgetown University Press
- Schegloff,E.A, "The routine as achievement", Human Studies, 9(2-3), pp.111~151 (1986)
- Schegloff,E.A, "Turn organization: One intersection of grammar and interaction. In:Interaction and grammar", pp.52~133 (1996), Cambridge University Press
- Schegloff,E.A, "Discourse, pragmatics, conversation, analysis", Discourse Studies, 1(4), pp.405~435 (1999)
- Schegloff,E.A, "Interaction: The infrastructure for social institutions, the natural ecological niche for language, and the arena in which culture is enacted. In: Roots of human sociality: Culture, cognition and interaction", pp.70~96 (2006), Berg
- Schegloff, E. A, "On "uh" and "uhm" and some of the things they are used to do", Paper presented at the 10th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue (2006)
- Schegloff,E.A, "Sequence organization in interaction : A primer in conversation analysis I" (2007), Cambridge University Press
- Sidnell,J, "Comparative studies in conversation analysis", Annual Review of Anthropology, 36(1), pp.229~244 (2007)
- 서경희, "한국인 EFL 학습자의 구술 담화에 나타난 담화표지 so의 편재성", Journal of British & American Studies, 20, pp.139~165 (2009), 영미연구소
- ten Haven,P, "Doing conversation analysis: A practical guide" (1999), Sage Publications
- Wong,J, "The token "yeah" in nonnative speaker English conversation", Research on Language & Social Interaction, 33(1), pp.39~67 (2000)