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시각탐색에서 표적 출현 빈도와 보상에 따른 위치 확률 학습

Location Probability Learning depending on the Frequency of Target Appearance and the Monetary Reward in Visual Search

김민식|성가름
한국인지및생물심리학회 (Korean Society For Cognitive and Biological Psychology)|2023.01|한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 (Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology)|제35권 제1호|pp. 1-22|DOI 10.22172/cogbio.2023.35.1.001

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참고문헌

키워드

visual searchexpected value위치 확률 학습시각탐색spatial attention보상 학습공간주의기댓값reward learninglocation proability learning
주제분류심리과학

초록

본 연구는 다양한 시각탐색 상황에서 표적 출현 빈도에 의한 강력한 위치 확률 학습 효과를 확인하고자 수행되었다. 실험 1에서는 기댓값의 통제 여부가 표적 출현 빈도에 의한 공간주의 편향에 미치는 영향을 확인해보았다. 표적은 항상 특정 사분면에 높은 빈도로 출현하도록 조작하며 실험 1A(보상값 통제)는 모든 사분면에 높은 보상과 낮은 보상이 동일한 확률로 출현하여 고빈도 사분면에서 기댓값이 커지도록 조작하였다. 한편, 실험 1B(기댓값 통제)는 표적이 고빈도 사분면에 출현할 때 저빈도 사분면에 출현할 때에 비해 낮은 보상을 제공함으로써 전체적인 사분면에서 획득하는 기댓값이 동일하도록 통제하였다. 실험 2에서는 보상의 예측력을 높이기 위해 탐색 배열이 제시되기 이전에 보상 단서를 제공한다는 것에서만 차이가 있으며, 실험 3에서는 다중표적 탐지 과제를 통해 탐지해야 할 표적들 간 주의 경쟁이 발생하도록 하였다. 실험 결과, 일련의 실험 모두 고빈도 사분면에서의 반응 속도가 저빈도 사분면에 비해 빨랐다. 본 결과는 기댓값이 통제되고 보상 예측력이나 주의 경쟁이 증가하는 시각탐색 상황에서 일관되게 표적 출현 빈도에 의한 위치 확률 학습이 강력하게 발생한다는 것을 시사한다.

Abstract

The present study aimed to examine the strong influence of location probability learning(LPL) depending on the frequency of target appearance in various visual search environments. Experiment 1 confirmed the effect of controlling the expected value on the spatial attentional biases by target prevalence. The target is always frequently presented at a specific quadrant. Experiment 1A(Reward Value Control) was constructed that the expected value was manipulated to increase in the high-frequency quadrant by presenting high and low rewards with even distribution in all quadrants. Meanwhile, Experiment 1B(Expected Value Control) was constructed to control the expected value in all quadrants by presenting a lower reward when the target appeared in the high-frequency quadrant compared to the low-frequency quadrant. The difference in the visual search task of Experiment 2 was that reward cues were provided before beginning the search array to enhance the prospect of reward. In Experiment 3, the multi-target detection task was used to manipulate the induced situation with attentional competition among to-be-detected targets. As a result, all experiments showed that the reaction time in the high-frequency quadrant was significantly faster than in the low-frequency quadrant. These results suggest that the effect of LPL affected by the target prevalence is consistently robust in visual search environments with the controlled expected value and high reward prospect or increase of attentional competition.

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