행동효과에서 주의 유도의 역할: 특징 기반의 선택적 주의를 중심으로
Feature-based selective attention operates during visual search in the action effect paradigm
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행동 효과(action effect)란 선행자극(prime)에 대한 반응 이후 시각 탐색 과제에서 선행자극과 동일한 자극 위에 제시되는 표적에 대하여 반응시간이 빨라지는 현상을 이야기한다(Buttaccio & Hahn, 2011; Weidler & Abrams, 2014). 본 연구는 선행자극에 대한 주의가 행동 효과에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 진행되었다. Weidler와 Abrams(2014)는 행동 효과에 대한 설명으로, 선행자극에 대한 주의나 평가 없이 물리적인 행위를 하는 것만으로 이후 시각 탐색 과제에서 선행자극과 동일한 자극이 우선적으로 처리될 수 있다고 제안하였다. 이에 착안하여, 본 연구에서는 선행자극에 대해 행위하는 동안의 주의 효과가 특징 기반으로 작동하는지, 혹은 객체 기반으로 작동하는지 여부를 탐구하였다. 실험 자극은 조도를 통제한 다섯 가지 색과 면적을 통제한 다섯 가지 도형으로 구성되었다. 반응 과제에서 참가자들은 키보드를 사용하여 색 도형(선행자극)이 반응하되(행동 조건), 선행자극 위에 단서가 함께 제시되면 반응하지 않도록(비행동 조건) 지시받았다. 시각 탐색 과제에서 참가자들은 제시되는 선분 중에서 기울어진 선분을 찾아 방향을 판단하는 과제를 수행하였다. 표적이 선행자극과 특징을 공유하는 자극 위에 나타나는 타당(valid) 조건과 특징을 공유하지 않는 자극 중 한 곳에 위치하는 비타당(invalid) 조건의 반응 속도 차이를 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 행동 조건에서의 타당도 효과가 비행동 조건에서의 타당도 효과보다 더 강한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 행동효과에서 선행자극에 대한 주의가 중요한 요소이며, 이러한 주의가 이후 시각 탐색 과제에서 특징 기반으로 작용함을 시사한다.
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated how a simple motoric response towards an object (the prime) can prioritize the allocation of attention to that same object in a subsequent unrelated visual search task (Buttaccio & Hahn, 2011; Weidler & Abrams, 2014). This phenomenon, known as the “action effect”, results in faster reaction times (RT) only when the target is located within the object that was acted upon. To explore the attentional selection mechanism involved in the action effect, we examined how attention is allocated at the precise moment of action. Participants were instructed to respond (go) when the prime (a colored shape) appeared and withhold a response when “X” was displayed on the prime. Subsequently, participants were asked to search for a tilted line and report its orientation in the following visual search task. In valid trials, the target appeared on an object that shared a feature with the prime (either in terms of both-, color-, or shape-sharing), while in invalid trials, the target appeared on an object that did not share any features with the prime. The results revealed that visual features of the prime object guided visual attention to the location of the object that shared at least one feature with the prime. Therefore, the allocation of attention to specific features of the prime during the action task plays a critical role in inducing an attentional boost in the subsequent attentional selection process and it is suggested that this selection process occurs in a feature-based manner.
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