Hybrid ship applications in maritime: A comprehensive review on technological advancements, environmental and economic analyses
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This study presents a multidisciplinary and in-depth review of hybrid propulsion technologies in maritime applications, emphasizing their technical architecture, environmental performance, and economic feasibility. As the maritime sector accelerates efforts to achieve the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets, hybrid systems—which integrate diesel engines with electric propulsion and battery storage—have emerged as a pivotal transitional solution. Through extensive literature analysis, technical assessment, and real-world case studies including vessels such as MF Ampere, E-Ferry Ellen, Damen RSD Tug 2513, and Havila Kystruten, the study quantifies performance benefits: fuel consumption reductions of 15–30% and emission reductions of 20–40% for CO2, NOx, and SOx. Additional advantages include reduced underwater noise, enhanced maneuverability, and improved operational efficiency. The paper further explores the integration of alternative fuels (e.g., LNG, hydrogen, ammonia), autonomous energy management systems, and port-side electrification. Comparative evaluations across vessel types confirm the scalability and suitability of hybrid propulsion for short- and mid-range maritime operations. Despite initial capital cost barriers, lifecycle analyses demonstrate favorable economic returns driven by operational savings and regulatory incentives. Concluding that hybrid propulsion technologies have moved beyond experimentation to become mature and essential for carbon-resilient maritime futures, the study highlights key directions for future research including intelligent control systems, advanced batteries, and integration with autonomous vessels.
Abstract
This study presents a multidisciplinary and in-depth review of hybrid propulsion technologies in maritime applications, emphasizing their technical architecture, environmental performance, and economic feasibility. As the maritime sector accelerates efforts to achieve the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets, hybrid systems—which integrate diesel engines with electric propulsion and battery storage—have emerged as a pivotal transitional solution. Through extensive literature analysis, technical assessment, and real-world case studies including vessels such as MF Ampere, E-Ferry Ellen, Damen RSD Tug 2513, and Havila Kystruten, the study quantifies performance benefits: fuel consumption reductions of 15–30% and emission reductions of 20–40% for CO2, NOx, and SOx. Additional advantages include reduced underwater noise, enhanced maneuverability, and improved operational efficiency. The paper further explores the integration of alternative fuels (e.g., LNG, hydrogen, ammonia), autonomous energy management systems, and port-side electrification. Comparative evaluations across vessel types confirm the scalability and suitability of hybrid propulsion for short- and mid-range maritime operations. Despite initial capital cost barriers, lifecycle analyses demonstrate favorable economic returns driven by operational savings and regulatory incentives. Concluding that hybrid propulsion technologies have moved beyond experimentation to become mature and essential for carbon-resilient maritime futures, the study highlights key directions for future research including intelligent control systems, advanced batteries, and integration with autonomous vessels.