私法의 統一과 國際物品賣買契約에 관한 유엔협약(CISG)
Uniform Private Laws and United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
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국제매매에 관한 헤이그협약의 실패를 거울삼아 UNCITRAL(유엔상거래법위원회)을 중심으로 1968년부터 시작된 통일매매법 마련의 노력은 1978년 14개국 대표로 구성된 기초위원회에서 최종 초안이 확정되었으며, 1980년 비엔나협약(CISG)으로 채택되었다. CISG는 사법의 통일에 있어 큰 획을 그은 중요한 성과물이지만, 그에 대한 비판론도 상당히 강력하다. 비판론은 법의 통일적인 해석과 관련하여 부정확하고 모호한 용어가 많이 사용되고 있다는 점을 지적하지만, 統一法은 그 자체로 자족적으로 해석되며, 그 국제적 성격이 존중되어야 한다는 점에서 비교법적 방식에 의하여 그 결함이 보충되어 적절하고 성공적인 해석이 가능하다고 본다. 비판론이 주장하는 구제수단의 중첩문제나 절차적 문제에 관한 흠결 역시 현재의 CISG하에서 모순 없이 해결될 수 있다고 본다. 또한 비판론이 주장하는 CISG의 불완전성, 장애와 관련한 사정변경 원칙의 흠결, 당사자 간 權衡의 缺損 문제, 거래현실과의 부적합의 문제 등은 모두 일면의 타당성은 있지만, 사법을 통일함에 있어 부득이하거나 CISG의 조화로운 해석을 통하여 해결될 수 있다고 본다. 한편 진정한 법의 통일은 법적용에 있어서의 통일에 이르러야 한다. 법적용에 있어서의 통일은 선례의 역할과 관련하여 보통법계와 대륙법계 국가 간 차이가 있을 수밖에 없다. 그러나 이태리, 폴란드, 덴마크 등 대륙법계 국가들의 최근 선례를 보면 CISG사건을 다룸에 있어 외국의 선례를 인용하고 있으며 이는 진정한 사법의 통일을 위하여 고무적인 일이다. 보통법계 국가에 있어 선례구속성의 원칙은 자국 선례의 경우 구속력 있는 先例로(binding authority), 다른 보통법계 국가의 선례는 설득력 있는 권위(persuasive authority)로 받아들이고 있음을 고려할 때에 대륙법계 국가의 이러한 관행은 CISG법 영역에서는 兩 法系가 진정한 법통일을 위한 상당한 접근이 이루어지고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 즉, 상당수 대륙법계 국가들이 CISG 외국선례를 설득력 있는 권위 내지 영감적 차원의 선례로 받아들임으로써 법적용에 있어 통일로 나아가고 있다. 법적용에 있어 통일은 CISG 학술 데이터베이스의 발전으로 향후 더욱 진전을 볼 것으로 기대된다.
Abstract
In retrospect of Hague convention on international sale of goods, the efforts had been poured in the initiative of UNCITRAL since 1968 triggering more welcome international treaty on the area of law. The efforts came to reality where the committee in action, comprised of 14 countries, concluded a final draft in 1978. In 1980, it was adopted as United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG). While the treaty is deemed a marvellous success within the purview of uniform private laws, it is also true that there arises a severe criticism. One of criticism points to imprecise and ambiguous terms CISG employs that harms the uniformity in its interpretation. However, I would support the strength of CISG that CISG can be interpreted consistently in itself in terms of its international character, which means imprecision of CISG, short coverage of hardship issues, imbalance between parties, and inept nature to commodity transactions. In support of CISG, these criticisms either overlook the intrinsic difficulties underlying production of the uniform laws or seems to be groundless on various points of views. On the other hand, the true uniform laws presuppose uniformity in the application of treaty. We can see some extent of difference in terms of the role of precedents between the common law and civil law countries. It is encouraging that the recent practice of civil law countries, including Italy, Poland, Denmark and so on, tend to cite the foreign precedents for the cases of CISG laws. Within the regime of common law countries, the rule of “stare decisis” prescribes that the national precedents should govern as binding authority while those of other common law countries function to be a persuasive authority. This means that the practice of civil law countries has considerably developed as similar to that of common law counterparts. While they seem to use foreign precedents as persuasive authority like their counterparts, or in the least accept as inspirational authority, the application of CISG grows to be made in a shared fashion for true uniform laws, This development seems to prosper at the advent of academic database as well as the contribution of CISG experts.
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