1980-1986년 중국 마르크스주의의 소외 논쟁
Alienation Debate in Chinese Marxism between 1980-1986
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사회주의가 변혁과 다양성을 경험해 왔지만 그 역사적 국면의 중심에는 항상 마르크스의 소외이론이 자리잡아 왔다. 비록 정통 마르크스-레닌주의에 기반을 둔 공산당 이데올로기는 강한 교조적 성격을 띠고 인간 소외문제에 대한 비판적 접근을 억압하여 왔지만 80년대 들어서 소외문제는 다시 부각되었다. 정통마르크스주의자들에 의하면 인간소외문제는 자본주의 경제체제 하에서 임금노동자들의 근로조건을 반영하는, 착취가 존재하는 사회에서만 적용될 뿐이라고 강변한다. 그러나 마르크스 人本主義학파는 사회주의 사회의 내부적 모순에 대한 해결책을 마르크스 소외론에서 찾으려고 하였다. 이와 같은 정통마르크스주의에 대한 이단적 접근은 마르크스-레닌주의에 대한 도전이라고 볼 수 있는데 사회주의 이행과정에서 인간의 중요성을 강조함으로써 사회주의 발전과정을 변증법적 유물론으로 도식화하려는 정통마르크스주의에 의미 있는 문제제기를 한 것으로 해석된다. 이와 같은 맥락에서 중국의 마르크스 연구자들은 공산당 전략의 이론적 경직성을 성토하면서 중국의 실용주의적 경제개혁에 초점을 맞춘 사회주의 현대화가 소외학파(alienation school)를 탄생시켰고 공산당 지도부에 의한 독단적이고 권위주의적 통치가 인간의 창의성과 자유를 부정하는 심각한 소외문제를 노정하게 되었다고 주장하면서 사회주의 위기론을 제기한다. 결국, 개혁개방을 축으로 하는 중국의 경제현대화는 경제적 진보라는 명분아래 사회정의와 소득분배의 균형 등 인간존엄성에 기반을 둔 이데올로기 틀의 형성과 발전을 소홀히 함으로써 소외문제를 포함한 사회변혁에서 야기되는 문제점들에 동태적으로 대응하는 데 실패하였다고 보여 진다.
Abstract
Marx's theory of alienation has taken up a focal theme although the socialism has experienced remarkable transformation and diversification. Orthodox Marxism-Leninism argues that alienation must strictly be regarded as a component of Marx's earlier philosophical works. In this context, communist ideology suggests that the issue of alienation has to be applied only to the capitalist society regarding working conditions of laborers and exploitation of the labor class. Marxist humanists, on the other hand, rejected this form of approach by arguing that Marx's perception of alienation constitutes an important theoretical background through all his writings. The arguments of Marxist humanities brought about alienation school and sought to resolve various internal contradictions of socialist society by means of the Marxist theory of alienation. In this context, we discussed such topics as the axiological premise of Marx's perception of alienation, his perception of the main determinants of alienated society and the methods for the realization of a true social community in which alienation is thoroughly negated. In conclusion, the post-Mao Marxism, by ontologically privileging the economy, failed to pay sufficient attention to the ideological framework essential for the socialist transformation, thereby ignoring significant problems such as the persistence of alienation.
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