중국의 신(新) 도시빈곤과 최저생활보장제도
New Urban Poverty and the Minimum Living Standard Guarantee Scheme in China
0
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 글은 중국의 개혁·개방을 기점으로 중국 도시 지역의 대량 실업에 의해 발생된 도시 신 빈곤층에 대한 최저생활보장제도의 내용을 살펴보고자 한 것이다. 중국은 1970년 말의 개혁·개방정책 이후, 농촌에서부터 경제체제 개혁을 시작하여 계속 도시에서도 경제체제 개혁을 전개하였다. 도시 경제체제 개혁의 핵심은 국영(國營)기업 체제의 개혁이었다. 특히, 정부는 대대적인 국영기업의 구조조정을 꾀하였고 중국 특유의 하강(下崗)정책 과정에서 국영기업 노동자들의 대량 실업은 불가피하였다. 정부는 도시 실업 노동자들을 위해 재취업 교육 및 실업수당을 제공하였으나 정책 실행의 한계로 말미암아 이들은 점차 빈곤해졌다. 더욱이 이들 실업 노동자들은 중국의 계획경제 시기의 전통적인 도시 빈민인 '3무(三無)'계층과 달리 기존의 공공부조 대상에서 제외되면서 사실상 중국 도시 지역의 신(新) 빈곤층을 형성하게 되었다. 이에 따라 중국 정부는 최종적인 사회안전망의 제도로서 최저생활보장제도를 1993년에 처음으로 상하이시에서 시범적으로 실시하여 1997년 전국 도시지역으로 확대 적용하여 오늘에 이르고 있다. 따라서 개혁·개방 이후 중국 도시지역의 최저생활보장제도의 특징을 요약해서 말하면, 기존 사회주의하의 광범위한 국가 사회보장정책에서 벗어나 시장주의 경제구조 하에서 발생한 대량 실업으로 인한 도시 지역의 신 빈곤층을 구제함으로써 사회 불안정을 방지하기 위해 최소한의 사회안전망 역할을 달성하는 것을 근간으로 하는 잔여적인 복지정책이라 할 수 있다.
Abstract
This article will review the process of massive unemployment in urban area, its impact on the livelihoods of urban unemployed and the changes in social policy since the introduction of economic reform. Since economic reform launched in the late 1970s, China started economic reform in rural area and expanded the reform into urban area. The central focus of China's economic reform in urban area lies in restructuring its urban state and collective enterprises. In particular, there has been the government's radical approach to lay-off a lot of workers in the urban state and collective enterprises and this process of China's distinctive lay-offs policy has given rise to massive unemployment. Although the Chinese government carried out a series of policies for the urban unemployed such as the establishment of the Re-employment Service Centers(RSCs) and unemployment benefits, the unemployed tend to get poorer due to the limitations of related policies. Unlike the 'Three-Nos', the traditional legitimate recipients of state support in a centrally planned economy, the newly unemployed who fall outside the formal social assistance system has become the newly urban poverty-stricken population. The Chinese government introduced the Minimum Living Standard Guarantee (MLSG) scheme that was firstly introduced in Shanghai in 1993 as a final safety net for the unemployed and the scheme was gradually extended into the rest of the country. Thus, the distinctive feature of Chinese MLSG scheme in urban area since economic reform is the establishment of minimized public assistance policy system acting as a final safety net, which highlights the elimination of social unrest due to massive unemployment and the provision of social relief to the newly poor in urban area.
참고문헌 (38)
- Bidani, B., "Has training helped Employ Xiagang in China?: A Tale from Two Cities" (2002), World Bank
- Chan, K., "'When the lifeboat is overloaded: social support and state enterprise reform in China", Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 32, pp.305~318 (1999)
- Chen, G., "'Urban poverty in the transitional economy: a case of Nanjing, China", Habitat International, 30, pp.1~26 (2006)
- Cook, S., "Unemployment, poverty and gender in urban China: perceptions and experiences of laid off workers in three Chinese cities" (2000), Institute of Development Studies
- The Changing Pattern of Poverty in China: Issues for Research and Policy, "Cook, S.", Institute of Development Studies, ~, pp.67 (1998)
- Urban Poverty and Minimum Living Security: Main Report of China Urban Anti-Poverty Forum, "Douji, C.", MCA, ~ (2002)
- Gu, E. X., "Dismantling the Chinese mini-welfare state? Marketization and the politics of institutional transformation, 1979-1999", Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 34, pp.91~111 (2001)
- Gu, E. X., "Labour Market Insecurities in China" (2003), International Labour Office
- Gu, S., "China's Industrial Technology: Market Reform and Organizational Change" (1999), Routledge in association with the UNU Press
- Johnston, M. F., "'Estimating China's Urban Unemployment Rate: background, mechanics and an alternative'", Journal of Contemporary China, 31(11), pp.189~207 (2002)
- Hao, Y., "Urban Poverty in China: An Emerging Challenge to an Economy in Transition", 24th IUSSP General Population Conference (2001)
- Hussain, A., "Social Security in Present-Day China and Its Reform", The American Economic Review, 84(2), pp.276~280 (1994)
- Kim, B. C., "The Livelihoods of Unemployed Households in Urban China", 박사, Department of Sociology & Social Policy, pp.2007
- Lee, H. Y., "Xiagang, the Chinese style of laying off workers", Asian Survey, 40, pp.914~937 (2000)
- Leung, J., "Dismantling the Iron Rice Bowl: Welfare Reforms in the PRC", Journal of Social Policy, 23(3), pp.341~361 (1994)
- Leung, J., "Authority and Benevolence: Social Welfare in China" (1995), Chinese University Press
- Liu, Y., "The State, Institutional Transition and the Creation of New Urban Poverty in China", Social Policy & Administration, 40(2), pp.121~137 (2006)
- Meng, X., "Labour Market Reform in China" (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Meng, X., "Economic Restructuring and Income Inequality in Urban China", Review of Income and Wealth, 50(3), pp.357~379 (2004)
- Price, R. H., "Unemployed Chinese workers: the survivors, the worried young and the discouraged old", International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(3), pp.416~430 (2002)
- Qian, Z., "The Rising Urban Poverty: a dilemma of market reforms in China", Journal of Contemporary China, 9(23), pp.113~125 (2000)
- Qiu, Z., "Xiagang and the Sociological Implications of Reducing Labour Redundancy in China's SOEs, China's Political Economy" (1998), Singapore University Press
- Saunders, P., "Social Security Reform in China's Transition to a Market Economy", Social Policy & Administration, 35(3), pp.274~289 (2001)
- Shang, X., "The Political Origins of China's Social Security System", New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 1(2), pp.48~70 (1999)
- Shang, X., "Chaning Approaches of Social Protection: Social Assistance Reform in Urban China", Social Policy & Society, 3(3), pp.259~271 (2004)
- Urban Poverty, Childhood Poverty and Social protection in China, "Solomon, C.", Childhood Poverty Research and Policy Centre (CHIP), ~, pp.3 (2004)
- State Council, "Announcement of the Establishment of a National Minimum Livelihood System for Urban Residents. State Circular No. 29", ~ (1997)
- Won, J., "The Making of Post-socialist Individuals in China", 박사, Department of Sociology, pp.2003
- Wong, L., "Marginalization and social welfare in China" (1998), Routledge
- Xue, J., "Unemployment, Poverty and Income Disparity in Urban China", Asian Economic Journal, 17(4), pp.383~405 (2003)
- Yao, S., "Unemployment and urban poverty in China: A case study of Guangzhou and Tianjin", Journal of International Development, 16, pp.171~188 (2004)
- Yao, S., "Causes of inequality in China 1952-99", Journal of International Development, 15(3), pp.1~17 (2003)
- 洪大用, "改革以?中?城市扶?工作的?展?程" (2003), 社???究
- 唐?等, "中?城市?困?反?困?告", pp.115~119 (2003), ?夏出版社
- ?功成等, "中?社?保障制度的?????", pp.222~223 (2002), 中?人民大?出版社
- 除日發, "廉租住房, 中國社會構造體系硏究" (2002), 中國社會科學出版社
- 多吉才?, "中?社?保障制度?究???" (2001), 人民出版社
- "中華罔, 2002년 7월 8일자", ~