Contradictions and Curiosities in the Conception of “Equality” in Education
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Equality is one of the most widely discussed ideals in modern education discourse. For all this prominence, however, the concept in practice suffers from several logical and practical problems. In particular, this paper examines the incompatibility of equal opportunity and meritocracy concepts with equal outcome concepts, why “equity” does not solve the issue, and how equality is often treated, dangerously, as a synonym of “ambition.” These problems, it is found, can trap both students and educators in situations with impossible expectations and severe mental stress. Historical theories of equality, including those of B.R. Ambedkar, Adolf Hitler, bell hooks, Hannah Arendt, Jacque Ranciere, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn will be examined, used for context, and consulted in creating more rational alternatives to current equality discourses. The paper concludes that educators ought to minimize ambitious equality, which is harmful and irrational. Instead, educators ought to emphasize either equality of outcome or meritocracy, but not both.
Abstract
Equality is one of the most widely discussed ideals in modern education discourse. For all this prominence, however, the concept in practice suffers from several logical and practical problems. In particular, this paper examines the incompatibility of equal opportunity and meritocracy concepts with equal outcome concepts, why “equity” does not solve the issue, and how equality is often treated, dangerously, as a synonym of “ambition.” These problems, it is found, can trap both students and educators in situations with impossible expectations and severe mental stress. Historical theories of equality, including those of B.R. Ambedkar, Adolf Hitler, bell hooks, Hannah Arendt, Jacque Ranciere, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn will be examined, used for context, and consulted in creating more rational alternatives to current equality discourses. The paper concludes that educators ought to minimize ambitious equality, which is harmful and irrational. Instead, educators ought to emphasize either equality of outcome or meritocracy, but not both.
참고문헌 (50)
- Abrams, D., "Equality Hypocrisy, Inconsistency, and Prejudice : The Unequal Application of the Universal Human Right to Equality", Peace and Conflict, 20(1), pp.28~46 (2015)
- Ambedkar, B. R, "The Annihilation of Caste" (1936), Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal of Lahore
- Arendt, H, "The Human Condition" (2018), University of Chicago Press
- Arendt, H, "The Origins of Totalitarianism" (1951), Schocken Books
- Bengtsson, M., "“Coopetition” in Business Networks – to Cooperate and Compete Simultaneously", Industrial Marketing Management, 29(5), pp.411~426 (2000)
- "Bible. NET (New English Translation)", Biblical Studies Press
- Biesta, G., "Reclaiming a future that has not yet been : The Faure report, UNESCO’s humanism and the need for the emancipation of education", International Review of Education, 68, pp.655~672 (2021)
- Bowen, F., "Losing gracefully is one of the most important lessons from playing sports", The Washington Post, ~ (2020)
- Cabaniss, D.L, "Learning to Lose: A Key to Inner Peace", Psychology Today, ~ (2019)
- Debnam, J. K., "Teacher-Student Incongruence in Perceptions of School Equity : Associations with Student Connectedness in Middle and High School", Journal of School Health, 91(9), pp.706~713 (2021)
- Deaton, A., "Life at the top : the benefits of height", Economics &Human Biology, 7(2), pp.133~136 (2009)
- "An Encyclopedia of Russian Thought"[URL]
- Flynn, J., ": What is the Median Income Worldwide?" (2023), Zippia Research
- Francisco, V., "Application of Competitive Activities to Improve Students’ Participation", IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 15(1), pp.2~14 (2022)
- Garrido, B., "Superfluous Men : A Recurring Challenge for Pro-Democracy Educators", Korean Philosophy of Education Society, 44(1), pp.57~89 (2022)
- Gatz, M., "What Can Your Hand Say About Your Cognition? Digit Length and Cognitive Abilities", USC Schaeffer, ~ (2020)
- Gibson, F., "Using Classroom Competitions to Prepare Students for the Competitive Business World", Journal of Effective Teaching, 13(1), pp.64~77 (2013)
- Grubbs, K., "A Gift That is Hard to Accept. The Gift of Failure:How the Best Parents Learn to Let Go So Their Children Can Succeed", Reoper Review, 41(3), pp.214~216 (2016)
- Hitler, A., "Mein Kampf. R. Manheim Trans(1971)" (1925), Houghton Mifflin
- hooks, b, "The Will to Change: Men, Masculinity, and Love" (2004), Atria Books
- Hsin, A., "Explaining Asian Americans’ academic advantage over whites", PNAS, 111(23), pp.8416~8421 (2014)
- "How upwardly mobile are Hispanic children? Depends on how you look at it" (2015)[URL]
- Kaplan, E.A, "What’s going on with all the white scholars who try to pass as Black?", Los Angeles Times, ~ (2020)
- Kaufman, S.B., "Unraveling the Mindset of Victimhood", Scientific American, ~ (2020)
- "Approaching Ordinary “Ilbe Netizens,” How Do They Become Hateful?" (2022)[URL]
- "The Race for the Perfect Score: The Detrimental Effects of the South Korean Education System" (2021)[URL]
- Kim, M. K., "The ‘Flexible Gender Regime’ and Unequal Social Structure in Multicultural Society – The Applicability of ‘Intersectionality Theory’ to Korean Society", The Association of East Asian Social Thoughts, 20(2), pp.179~208 (2020)
- Kim, Y. M., "Intersection of gender and class from the varieties of capitalism perspective", Korean Association of Women’s Studies, 26(3), pp.65~89 (2010)
- Kwon, S. K., "Educational assessment in the Republic of Korea: lights and shows of high-stake exam-based education system", Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 24(1), pp.60~77 (2015)
- Leicht, K. T., "There’s Downward Mobility among White People? Who Knew?!", Contemporary Sociology, 51(6), pp.442~446 (2022)
- Limone, P., "Origin and Development of Moral Sense: A Systematic Review", Frontiers in Psychology, 13(1) (2022)
- "Second Treatise of Government. Jonathan Bennett" (2017)[URL]
- Mark, C, "A belief in meritocracy is not only false: it’s bad for you" (2020), Princeton University Press
- National Center For Education Statistics, "The Educational Progress of Black Students" (1995), U.S. Department of Educational Research and Improvement
- "When You Go into a Culture of Hatred, There’s Always Ilbe" (2022)[URL]
- Poushter, J, "10 key takeaways about public opinion in Europe 30 years after the fall of communism", Pew Research Center, ~ (2019)
- Ranciere, J., "The Ignorant Schoolmaster" (1991), Stanford University Press
- Rich, T. S., "Anti-Feminism and South Korea’s Presidential Election", The Diplomat, ~ (2022)
- Roser, M, "Millions of children learn only very little. How can the world provide a better education to the next generation?", Our World in Data, ~ (2022)
- Sowell, T, "Discrimination and Disparities" (2019), Basic Books
- Tominy, S, "Teaching children to lose gracefully so they can lose with dignity as adults", pp.2020
- "Americans Agree That Advancing Racial Equity Starts With Paying a Fair Wage" (2022)[URL]
- United Nations, "Proportion of women parliamentarians worldwide reaches ‘all-time high’", UN News, ~ (2021)
- "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (2002)[URL]
- Yonhap, "Nearly 34% of S. Korean adolescents have thought about suicide over academic pressure: poll", The Korean Herald, ~ (2019)
- Yoo, J. B., "A Philosophical Discussion on Parents’ Right to Education : Focused on School Choice", Korean Philosophy of Education Society, 44(1), pp.117~137 (2022)
- Young, I. F., "Competitive victimhood : a review of the theoretical and empirical literature", Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, pp.30~34 (2016)
- Yoon, J. S., "Morphogenesis of Insect-Voyeur in the Field of Digital Sexual Crime", Journal of the Society of Philosophical Studies, 127(3), pp.259~288 (2019)