Superfluous Men: A Recurring Challenge for Pro-Democracy Educators
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This paper seeks to analyze totalitarian pedagogy in the context of modern education. In pursuance of this goal, the beneficiaries of totalitarianism must be investigated and understood. Beginning in Hannah Arendt’s 1951 book The Origins of Totalitarianism it is suggested that the rise of totalitarianism owed much to the plight of “superfluous men” – people whose acts of will cease to matter. Arendt sees totalitarianism as an effort to reduce the pain of these superfluous men by assuring them that they are good because of race, class, etc. and, correspondingly, that acts of will do not matter. Since the superfluous man is defined by the inconsequential nature of his actions, this is comforting to him, or rarely, her. This paper finds that similarly superfluous men are reemerging in the early 21st century and, correspondingly, that totalitarian-style solutions to their suffering are also reemerging. In particular, this study seeks to understand the following factors: 1. What are the characteristics leading to superfluity? 2. What are the effects of totalitarian “compassion” on traditional, democratic or citizenship education strategies? 3. How does totalitarian education interact with 21st century education? It is found that superfluity tends to come about from a lack of available social roles, particularly for males, that totalitarian succor makes traditional civic education strategies impossible and that 21st century education, while still mostly conducted on democratic, citizenship or civic education principles, is beginning to show features similar to totalitarian science, totalitarian compassion and totalitarian fatalism. Pedagogical conclusions are drawn from a comparison of Nazi textbook Nazi Primer and representative texts from the democratic education canon, the Confucian citizenship education canon and the classical Greek pedagogical canon.
Abstract
This paper seeks to analyze totalitarian pedagogy in the context of modern education. In pursuance of this goal, the beneficiaries of totalitarianism must be investigated and understood. Beginning in Hannah Arendt’s 1951 book The Origins of Totalitarianism it is suggested that the rise of totalitarianism owed much to the plight of “superfluous men” – people whose acts of will cease to matter. Arendt sees totalitarianism as an effort to reduce the pain of these superfluous men by assuring them that they are good because of race, class, etc. and, correspondingly, that acts of will do not matter. Since the superfluous man is defined by the inconsequential nature of his actions, this is comforting to him, or rarely, her. This paper finds that similarly superfluous men are reemerging in the early 21st century and, correspondingly, that totalitarian-style solutions to their suffering are also reemerging. In particular, this study seeks to understand the following factors: 1. What are the characteristics leading to superfluity? 2. What are the effects of totalitarian “compassion” on traditional, democratic or citizenship education strategies? 3. How does totalitarian education interact with 21st century education? It is found that superfluity tends to come about from a lack of available social roles, particularly for males, that totalitarian succor makes traditional civic education strategies impossible and that 21st century education, while still mostly conducted on democratic, citizenship or civic education principles, is beginning to show features similar to totalitarian science, totalitarian compassion and totalitarian fatalism. Pedagogical conclusions are drawn from a comparison of Nazi textbook Nazi Primer and representative texts from the democratic education canon, the Confucian citizenship education canon and the classical Greek pedagogical canon.
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