본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

환경 불확실성, 조직여유, 가부장주의가 조직 앙트라프러뉴십과 기업성과에 미치는 영향

The Effects of Environmental Uncertainty, Organizational Slack, and Paternalism on Corporate Entrepreneurship and Firm Performance : An Empirical Study of SMEs in Korea

강태헌|장수덕
한국중소기업학회|2010.09|중소기업연구|제32권 제3호|pp. 65-87

0

조회

0

다운로드

41

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Social CapitalSMEs중소기업Paternalism환경의 불확실성가부장주의Corporate EntrepreneurshipOrganizational Slack조직여유조직 앙트라프러뉴십Affective Cares to Employees
주제분류경영학

초록

본 연구의 기본적 목적은 우리나라 중소기업을 대상으로 조직 앙트라프러뉴십(corporate entrepreneurship)의 활성화에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인이 무엇이며 조직 앙트라프러뉴십이 기업성과에 실제 어떤 영향을 미칠 수 있는지, 그리고 그것이 어떠한 과정을 통해 기업성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치게 되는지를 검증하는 것이다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 연구자들은 우리나라 중소기업 140개 사를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고 이를 분석했다. 그 결과, 중소기업에 있어서 조직 앙트라프러뉴십과 관련된 활동은 환경의 불확실성이 높거나 내부적 여유자원에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 환경의 불확실성을 높게 지각하거나 내부적으로 자원적 여유가 있는 기업일수록 앙트라프러뉴십을 추구하는데 있어서 적극적인 것으로 파악되었다. 조직 앙트라프러뉴십 활동은 그 자체로서 기업성과에 유의한 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 또한 환경의 불확실성과 조직여유가 기업성과에 미치는 영향에 있어서 이를 매개하는 역할을 수행하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 중소기업의 특성상 가부장주의(paternalism)와 같은 기업문화가 그 자체로서 기업성과에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 나아가 본 연구는 조직 앙트라프러뉴십이 기업성과에 미치는 영향에 있어서 가부장주의와의 상호작용을 통해서도 유의한 긍정적 영향이 있는 것을 발견했다. 본 연구의 이러한 결과는 중소기업에 있어서도 조직 앙트라프러뉴십이 기업성과에 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 또한 환경의 불확실성이나 조직자원의 여유가 중소기업의 성과에 영향을 미침에 있어서 조직 앙트라프러뉴십이 중요한 매개적 역할을 할 수 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 아울러 앙트라프러뉴십과 가부장주의와 같은 조직문화가 그 자체로도 기업성과에 중요한 영향을 미치지만 서로 상호작용을 통해서 기업성과에 더욱 크게 기여할 수 있는 부분이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 이러한 결과는 환경의 불확실성이나 조직여유가 기업성과에 영향을 미침에 있어서 조직 앙트라프러뉴십이 기여할 수 있는 부분이 많다는 것을 시사하는 것이기도 하다. 또한 조직 앙트라프러뉴십이 기업성과에 영향을 미치는 과정에 있어서 구성원들과의 친밀한 관계를 통한 갈등과 저항의 조정이 매우 중요할 수 있음을 제시하는 것이기도 하다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of influencing factors on corporate entrepreneurship and to examine how their activities affect small and medium-sized enterprise’s (hereafter SMEs) performance. It also examines the mediating effect of corporate entrepreneurship on firms’ performance. In this study, we examine further that stronger corporate entrepreneurship activities will be especially valuable for firms’ performance with a high level of emotional bonds between a CEO and their employees. Basically, firm-level entrepreneurship, corporate entrepreneurship, includes internal venturing and organizational renewal activities within large or established firms, going beyond the behavioral or psychological dimensions such as innovation, risk-taking, and pro-activeness of entrepreneurs. Thus, many previous researchers have had much interest in fostering corporate entrepreneurship in a large, diversified firm. However, corporate entrepreneurship is also important in small and medium-sized organizations, where aggressive entrepreneurship activities are very much required to keep an organization in tune with its competitive setting. However, many studies of corporate entrepreneurship in Korea are not considered to have measured all aspects of firm-level entrepreneurship. In this study, we will assess firm-level entrepreneurship’s relationship with a firm’s performance, focusing on the concept defined by Zahra (1991) covering corporate entrepreneurship, that is, intrapreneuring, and strategic renewal activities conducted at the firm level. Corporate entrepreneurship activities of SMEs in Korea have been increasing interest in recent years, although they are somewhat limited, compared to large companies. Therefore, we raise the following three questions in this study: First, what precedents have an effect on corporate entrepreneurship of SMEs? Second, can corporate entrepreneurship of SMEs have a positive effect on firm performance? Third, how does corporate entrepreneurship have a positive effect on firm performance? More specifically, this study aims to find answers to the above three questions. First of all, we turn to the external environment condition and organizational slack as factors likely to affect corporate entrepreneurship of SMEs. The perceived environmental uncertainty of SMEs may cause them to realize the need of innovation and change. Thus, the more serious such uncertainty is, the more likely the company may become committed to entrepreneurship activities. Given the nature of SMEs, however, lack of organizational resources may pose a serious threat when it is necessary to drive corporate entrepreneurship activities extensively. Entrepreneurial pursuits generally require considerable resources and considerable time, effort, and money must be invested. The higher the assessed level of organizational slack resources, in turn, the greater the economic incentive for the firm to invest in innovation, venturing, and strategic renewal activities. In this respect, environmental uncertainty and organizational slack are expected to have a positive effect on corporate entrepreneurship of SMEs. As a result, we set two hypotheses as below: Hypothesis 1 : Perceived uncertainty of environment has a positive effect on corporate entrepreneurship. Hypothesis 2 : Organizational slack has a positive effect on corporate entrepreneurship. Many studies on corporate entrepreneurship have reported that corporate entrepreneurship had a positive effect on firm performance in various ways. For example, corporate entrepreneurship was found to have a significant effect on corporate innovation performance, financial performances, and competitive performance. However, most of these studies were limited to large or established firms, so we are not sure if we will have the same results from a study on SMEs. Accordingly, we hypothesize as follows: Hypothesis 3 : Corporate entrepreneurship will has a positive effect on firm performance of SMEs. Previous studies have shown that the uncertainty of the environment and organization slack also had a significant effect on firm performance, which implies that environmental characteristics themselves may have a significant effect on firm performance and that organizational slack will directly lead to better firm performance. We assume that corporate entrepreneurship can help the effect of environmental uncertainty and organizational slack on firm performance. Therefore, we hypothesize: Hypothesis 4 :Corporate entrepreneurship will mediate the positive impact of perceived environmental uncertainty on firm's performance. Hypothesis 5 :Corporate entrepreneurship will mediate the positive impact of organizational slack on firm's performance. How corporate entrepreneurship has a significant effect on firm performance is not known well . Sometimes varied corporate entrepreneurship activities may cause worry about their status or resistance against changes among employees in SMEs. Thus, excessive corporate entrepreneurship activities sometimes may affect firm performance adversely. In this study, we suggest that paternalism-manager's affective cares to employee-plays a pivotal role in the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and firm performance. In particular, manager's affective cares to employees like paternalism can be an important thing within Korean SMEs to reduce resistance among employees and boost their participation. As a result, we set the final hypothesis as follows: Hypothesis 6 : The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and firm performance are is moderated by social capital-affective cares to employees. Specifically, higher levels of paternalism will enhance the positive relationships of the corporate entrepreneurship. To test these hypotheses, we selected 150 SMEs and sent questionnaires to the CEOs. A total of 145 CEOs answered the questionnaires and returned them to us. Out of the 145 questionnaires, 5 were rejected because they were not filled out completely, and the remaining 140 were used for the final analysis. In addition, to secure reliability, we chose 30 of these firms sent questionnaires to ask other executives in those firms. The age of the companies ranged from less than 10 years old to 30 years or older. When it came to the size, a majority of them had 50 to 100 employees. Finally, as far as the industry they belong to was concerned, general manufacturers ranked first (45.7%) followed by bio-medical, IT, and semiconductor industry in that order. A regression analysis to test the hypotheses revealed that perceived environmental uncertainty and organization slack had a significant positive effect on corporate entrepreneurship, confirming both Hypotheses 1 and 2. Furthermore, the uncertainty of the environment and organization slack had a significant positive effect on firm performance. Corporate entrepreneurship itself was found to have a significant effect on firm performance, and the uncertainty of the environment and organization slack served as a significant mediating variable to the effect on firm performance, also confirming Hypotheses 3, 4, and 5. Finally, in relation to the effect of corporate entrepreneurship on firm performance, social capital appeared to have a significant mediating effect. We found that while having a significant effect on firm performance as it is, social capital had a significant positive effect on firm performance by interacting with corporate entrepreneurship. The result supports Hypothesis 6. The study showed that among SMEs in Korea, corporate entrepreneurship activities were influenced by the uncertainty of the environment and organizational slack. In addition, the uncertainty of the environment and organizational slack appeared likely to have a significant direct effect on firm performance, while being more likely to have an indirect effect on firm performance via corporate entrepreneurship activities. While corporate entrepreneurship or social capital itself was found to have a significant positive effect on firm performance, we found that corporate entrepreneurship had a greater effect through its interaction with social capital, in relation to its effect on firm performance. These findings from this study imply that the effect of corporate entrepreneurship of SMEs on firm performance is important. We also suggest that considering that while uncertainty of the environment and organization slack had an effect on firm performance, corporate entrepreneurship may play an important role. Furthermore, both corporate entrepreneurship and social capital had an important effect on firm performance and worked better sometimes by interacting with each other. These results indicate that corporate entrepreneurship activities can make a greater contribution to firm performance by means of participation and coordination of employees. Nevertheless, these findings have a limit to generalize, because the study focused on SMEs in Korea, where a traditional patriarchal culture has been strong, and where affective cares of employers for employees can help reduce conflict and resistance in relation to corporate entrepreneurship activities. Therefore, we are not certain that the same result will be obtained from a study focusing on SMEs in other countries. Therefore, further studies of this kind are considered necessary focusing on SMEs in various countries.

참고문헌 (72)

  1. 권업, "지배구조, 기업혁신 및 성과", 인적자원관리연구, 14(4), pp.217~233 (2007), 한국인적자원관리학회
  2. 이춘우, "조직앙트라프러뉴십의 역할과 조직성과에 관한 연구", 박사, pp.1999
  3. 장수덕, "기업생존에 있어서 인적자본과 사회적 자본의 역할: IMF 전후의 생존 벤처기업을 대상으로", 경영학연구, 35(4), pp.1131~1155 (2006), 한국경영학회
  4. 박오수, "변화지향 리더십과 부하혁신행동의 관계：차상위 리더의 지원행동의 조절효과", 인사·조직연구, 17(3), pp.41~79 (2009), 한국인사·조직학회
  5. 배종태, "기업가정신의 확장과 활성화", 중소기업연구, 31(1), pp.109~128 (2009), 한국중소기업학회
  6. Alder, P. S, "Social Capital : Prospects for a New Concept", Academy of Management Review, 27(1), pp.17~40 (2002)
  7. Baron, G. A, "The Moderate -Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research : Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, pp.1173~1182 (1986)
  8. Bentler, P. M, "Practical Issues in Structural Modeling", Sociological Methods and Research, 16, pp.78~117 (1987)
  9. Block, Z, "Corporate Venturing : Creating New Businesses within the Firm" (1993), Harvard Business School Press
  10. Bourgeois III, L. J, "On the Measurement of Organizational Slack", Academy of Management Review, 6, pp.29~39 (1981)
  11. Brown, T. E, "The Effect of Resource Availability and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Firm Growth", Frontiers of Entrepreneurial Research (1997), Babson College
  12. Burgelman, R. A, "A Model of the Interaction of Strategic Behavior, Corporate Context, and the Concept of Strategy", Academy of Management Review, 8(1), pp.61~71 (1983)
  13. Chakravarthy, B, "Adaptation : A Promising Metaphor for Strategic Management", Academy of Management Review, 7, pp.35~44 (1982)
  14. Christensen, K. S, "A Classification of the Corporate Entrepreneurship Umbrella : Labels and Perspectives", International Journal of Management Enterprise Development, 1(4), pp.301~315 (2004)
  15. Churchill, G. A, "Marketing Research : Methodological Foundations" (1991), Dryden Press
  16. Carrier, C, "Intrapreneurship in Small Businesses : An Exploratory Study", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21(1), pp.5~20 (1996)
  17. Cooper, D. R, "Business Research Method(8th ed.)" (2003), McGraw-Hill
  18. Covin, J. G, "A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(1), pp.7~25 (1991)
  19. Covin, J. G, "Corporate Entrepreneurship and the Pursuit of Competitive Advantage", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(1), pp.47~63 (1999)
  20. Covin, J. G, "The Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments", Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), pp.75~87 (1989)
  21. Covin J. G, "New Venture Strategic Postrue, Structure, and Performance : An Industry Life Cycle Analysis", Journal of Business Venturing, 5, pp.123~135 (1990)
  22. Dess, G. G, "Measuring Organizational Performance in the Absence of Objective Measures : The Case of the Privately-Held Firm and Conglomerate Business Unit", Strategic Management Journal, 5, pp.265~274 (1984)
  23. Dess, G. G, "Linking Corporate Entrepreneurship to Strategy, Structure, and Process : Suggested Research Directions", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3), pp.85~102 (1999)
  24. Dess, G. G, "Entrepreneurial Strategy Making and Firm Performance : Tests of Contingency and Configurational Models", Strategic Management Journal, 18(9), pp.677~695 (1997)
  25. Geiger S. W, "Exploration and Exploitation Innovation Processes : The Role of Organizational Slack in R&D Intensive Firms", Journal of High Technology Management Research, 17(1), pp.97~108 (2006)
  26. George, G, "Slack Resources and the Performance of Privately Held Firms", Academy of Management Journal, 48(4), pp.661~676 (2005)
  27. Guth, W. D, "Guest Editors Introduction : Corporate Entrepreneurship", Strategic Management Journal, 11(5), pp.5~15 (1990)
  28. Hair, Jr. J. F, "Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings(4th ed.)" (1995), Prentice-Hall
  29. Hornsby, J. S, "Middle Managers' Perception of the Internal Environment for Corporate Entrepreneurship : Assessing a Measurement Scale", Journal of Business Venturing, 17, pp.253~273 (2002)
  30. Ireland, R. D, "Conceptualizing Corporate Entrepreneurship Strategy", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(1), pp.19~46 (2009)
  31. Kenny, D. A, "Data Analysis in Social Psychology. in: The Handbook of Social Psychology, Volume 1, 4th edition", pp.233~265 (1998), Oxford University Press
  32. Kuratko, D. F, "Developing an Intrapreneurial Assessment Instrument for an Effective Corporate Entrepreneurial Environment", Strategic Management Journal, 11(5), pp.49~58 (1990)
  33. Lee, J, "People Matter: Commitment to Employees, Strategy and Performance in Korean Firms", Strategic Management Journal, 20, pp.579~593 (1999)
  34. Lee, C, "Internal Capabilities, External Networks, and Performance : A Study on Technology-Based Ventures", Strategic Management Journal, 22, pp.615~640 (2001)
  35. Lee, L. T. S, "The Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Knowledge Management Capability on Organizational Effectiveness in Taiwan : The Moderating Role of Social Capital", International Journal of Management, 24(3), pp.549~572 (2007)
  36. Lumpkin, G. T, "Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It to Performance", Academy of Management Research, 21(1), pp.135~172 (1995)
  37. Miles, M. P, "The Relationship Between Marketing Orientation and Entrepreneurial Orientation", Entrepreneurship : Theory and Practice, 15(4), pp.49~65 (1991)
  38. Miller, D, "The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms", Management Science, 29(7), pp.770~791 (1983)
  39. Miller, D, "Strategy Making and Structure : Analysis and Implications for Performance", Academy of Management Journal, 30(1), pp.7~32 (1987)
  40. Miller, D, "Strategy-Making and Environment : The Third Link", Strategic Management Journal, 4, pp.221~235 (1983)
  41. Miller, D, "The People Make the Process : Commitment to Employees, Decision Making, and Performance", Journal of Management, 27, pp.163~189 (2001)
  42. Miller, D, "Filling the Institutional Void : The Social Behavior and Performance of Family vs Non-Family Technology Firms in Emerging Markets", Journal of International Business Studies, 40(5), pp.802~817 (2009)
  43. Moreno, A. M, "Entrepreneurial Orientation and Growth of SMEs : A Causal Model", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(3), pp.507~528 (2008)
  44. Narayanan, V, "Corporate Venturing and Value Creation : A Review and Proposed Framework", Research Policy, 38, pp.58~76 (2009)
  45. Nohria, N, "Is Slack Good or Bad for Innovation?", Academy of Management Journal, 39, pp.1245~1264 (1996)
  46. Pinchot, G, "Intrapreneuring : Why You Don't Have to Leave the Corporation to Become an Entrepreneur" (1985), Harper and Row
  47. Preacher, K. J, "SPSS and SAS Procedures for Estimating Indirect Effects in Simple Mediation Models", Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, pp.717~731 (2004)
  48. Sathe, V, "Fostering Entrepreneurship in the Large Diversified Firm", Organisational Dynamics, 8(1), pp.20~32 (1989)
  49. Shrader, R. C, "Corporate Versus Independent New Ventures : Resource, Strategy and Performance Differences", Journal of Business Venturing, 12(1), pp.47~66 (1997)
  50. Sharma, P, "Towards Reconciliation of the Definitional Issues in the Field of Corporate Entrepreneurship", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(1), pp.11~27 (1999)
  51. Sharfman, M. P, "Antecedents of Organizational Slack", Academy of Management Review, 4, pp.601~614 (1988)
  52. Simsek, Z, "The Impact of Managerial Environmental Perceptions on Corporate Entrepreneurship : Towards Understanding Discretionary Slack's Pivotal Role", Journal of Management Studies, 44(8), pp.1399~1424 (2007)
  53. Smart, D. T, "Entrepreneurial Orientation, Distinctive Marketing Competencies and Organizational Performance", Journal of Applied Business Research, 10(3), pp.28~38 (1994)
  54. Smith, K, "Decreasing Multi- Collinearity : A Method for Models with Multi-plicative Functions", Sociological Methods and Research, 8, pp.35~56 (1979)
  55. Sobel, M. E, "Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Model. in: Sociological Methodology", pp.290~312 (1982), Jossey-Bass
  56. Stevenson, H. H, "A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship : Entrepreneurial Management", Strategic Management Journal, 11, pp.17~27 (1990)
  57. Stevenson, H. H, "New Business Ventures and the Entrepreneur" (1989), Irwin
  58. Teng, B, "Corporate Entrepreneurship Activities through Strategic Alliances : A Resource-Based Approach toward Competitive Advantage", Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), pp.119~142 (2007)
  59. Timmons, J, "New Venture Creation Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century, (5th ed.)" (1999), Irwin McGraw-Hill
  60. Vesper. K. H, "A New Direction or Just a New Label?. in: Entrepreneurship : What it is and how to teach it", pp.62~76 (1985), Harvard Business School
  61. Wooldridge, B, "The Strategy Process, Middle Management Involvement, and Organizational Performance", Strategic Management Journal, 11, pp.231~241 (1990)
  62. Zahra, S, "Predictors and Financial Outcomes of Corporate Entrepreneurship : An Exploratory Study", Journal of Business Venturing, 6, pp.259~285 (1991)
  63. Zahra, S, "Environment, Corporate Entrepreneurship and Financial Performance : A Taxonomic Approach", Journal of Business Venturing, 8, pp.319~340 (1993)
  64. Zahra, S, "A Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurship as Firm Behavior : A Critique and Extension", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(4), pp.5~21 (1993)
  65. Zahra, S, "Corporate Entrepreneurship and Company Performance : The Case of Management Leveraged Buyouts", Journal of Business Venturing, 10, pp.225~247 (1995)
  66. Zahra, S, "Goverance, Ownership, and Corporate Entrepreneurship: The Moderating Impact of Industry Technological Opportunities", Academy of Management Journal, 39(6), pp.1713~1735 (1996)
  67. Zahra, S, "Contextual Influences on the Corporate Entrepreneurship-Performance Relationship : A Longitudinal Analysis", Journal of Business Venturing, 10(1), pp.43~58 (1995)
  68. Zahra, S, "International Corporate Entrepreneurship and Company Performance : The Moderating Effect of International Environmental Hostility", Journal of Business Venturing, 15, pp.469~492 (2000)
  69. Zahra, S, "The Antecedents and Consequences of Firm-Level Entrepreneurship : The State of the Field", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(2), pp.45~65 (1999)
  70. Zahra, S, "Privatization and Entrepreneurial Transformation : Emerging Issues and a Future Research Agenda", Academy of Management Review, 25(3), pp.509~524 (2000)
  71. Zahra, S, "Entrepreneurship in Family vs. Non-Family Firms : A Resource-Based Analysis of the Effect of Organizational Culture", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), pp.363~381 (2004)
  72. Zajac, E, "New Organizational Forms for Enhancing Innovation : The Case of Internal Corporate Ventures", Management Science, 37, pp.170~184 (1991)

관련 논문AI추천

조직환경과 사내 기업가정신 간의 관계: 한국과 중국 중소기업의 비교연구장수덕한국중소기업학회 · 중소기업연구2017 · 제39권 제2호기업가정신과 공식화 및 조직문화와 조직성과 간의 관련성에 관한 연구윤정현, 이재훈, 이정호한국산업경영학회 · 경영연구2007 · 제22권 제1호중소벤처기업의 사내기업가정신이 조직창의성에 미치는 영향 : 혁신풍토 및 자원관리에 대한 시사점권상집중소벤처기업연구원 · 중소기업정책연구2022 · 제7권 제1호중소기업의 성장 관점에서 사내 기업가정신이 경영성과에미치는 영향 실증분석김기웅, 김문선한국벤처창업학회 · 벤처창업연구2017 · 제12권 제5호중소기업의 기업가정신, 조직역량, 기술혁신 성과와의 관계 및 환경불확실성의 조절효과황수정한국산업경영학회 · 경영연구2023 · 제38권 제3호중국 중소기업의 사내 기업가적 활동, 사회적 네트워크, 환경의 불확실성 그리고 기업성과 간의 관계장수덕, 주연매한국인적자원관리학회 · 인적자원관리연구2014 · 제21권 제1호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (8건)

중소기업의 녹색경영 평가관리모형 연구 : G-BSC 접근법장희복, 오준환pp. 1-22연구개발투자와 특허경영의 인과구조최강화, 김수욱, 유연우pp. 23-42팀협상에서 시간압력인지와 팀원들의 팀과업몰입이 협상성과와 시간에 미치는 영향김영훈, 권성우, 박경도pp. 43-64하이테크 산업의 기술적 인수합병의 혁신 성과 연구-탐색과 활용의 접근을 통한 실증 분석-안영주, 김연배, 주시형, 한정희pp. 89-108창업기업의 성과에 미치는 영향요인 분석 :매출액과 종업원수 증가요인을 중심으로김종호, 박종복, 양현봉pp. 109-128
원문 보기