시민권의 페미니즘적 개조를 위한 시론: 뤼스 이리가레(Luce Irigaray)의 논의를 중심으로
Transforming the Modern Citizenship from a Feminist Perspective: Focusing on the Work of Luce Irigaray
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오늘 여성은 정치공동체의 일원이 되었을 뿐만 아니라 법적 지위의 측면에서 남성과 동등한 권리를 향유한다. 그러나 이러한 추상적･형식적 지위의 개선에도 불구하고 가족 내 의존자로서 여성의 현실은 여전하며 여성을 둘러싼 다양한 실천과 관념은 여성을 이등 시민으로 만든다. 이처럼 형식적 포함에도 불구하고 열등성을 경험하는 여성의 상황을 ‘내부적 배제’로 규정할 수 있다. 내부적 배제란 시민권이 명시적으로 부정되는 것은 아니지만 규범적인 시민의 형상에서 벗어나는 차이가 지적･정치적 역량의 지표로 간주되면서 열등성과 배제가 정당화되는 불완전한 시민권을 가리킨다. 여성 시민권 옹호의 기획으로서 페미니즘은 이러한 내부적 배제의 현실을 다루는 데 성공적이지 못했다. 기존의 시민의 형상을 그대로 둔 채 포함을 요구한 ‘동화의 전략’이나 여성의 차이를 무매개적으로 옹호한 ‘변이의 전략’의 한계는 여성의 고유성을 부정하지 않으면서도, 그것을 시민권의 보편성과 연계하는 방식을 찾지 못한 것과 관련된다. 본 연구는 여성의 시민권을 효과적으로 확립할 수 있는 대안적 논의를 추구한다. 그것은 보편적인 ‘여성 시민(citoyenne)’의 동일성(identity)을 가공하여 기존의 시민권을 개조하려는 이론적 기획으로 요약된다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 이리가레(Luce Irigaray)의 논의에 기대어 성차(sexual difference)를 개념화하고, 이에 근거하여 여성의 고유성이 인간성에 상응하는 문화적 의미를 획득하고 공적 영역에서 적합하게 표상될 수 있어야 한다고 주장한다. 그 실현 방안으로서 제안된 모성의 권리와 처녀성의 권리는 동화와 변이의 딜레마를 넘어 여성이 ‘여성으로서’ 시민의 지위를 향유할 수 있도록 시민권의 모형이 변형되기를 전망한다.
Abstract
This study claims that to deal with the internal exclusion of women adequately it is necessary to criticize the way universal ideal of modern citizenship works. And this study intends to elaborate an alternative citizenship model that is predicated on an appreciation of sexual difference. It does this through the work of Luce Irigaray who theorize sexual difference as both ontological and anthropological difference. It is obvious that human civilization owes its reproduction to the basic natural reality of sexual difference. Also this difference, however, does not belong only to the realm of nature. It has been given its meaning only through the cultural notions. According to the prevailing cultural notions, the specificity of the women, that is maternity and sexuality, is reduced to a natural function which is seen as falls short of the mark of humanity. In this regard, this study argues that an invention of the cultural symbol is needed to do justice to the feminine and make women’s civil identity possible. This is an attempt to formulate women's right to their selves, specifically the right to their maternity and sexuality which could get the prevailing male-biased notion of citizenship to be transformed. In brief, this is a theoretical plan to revise modern citizenship by maintaining that in reality an individual is either a woman or a man, that is to say, the neutral individual actually has a sex.
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