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신경윤리학: 뇌과학의 윤리적, 철학적, 법적, 사회적 문제

Neuroethics: Ethical, philosophical, legal, and social implications of neuroscience and its applications

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주제분류심리과학

초록

신경과학과 이에 기반 한 신경공학 기술의 급격한 발전으로 이전에는 불가능하였던 이해와 응용들이 가능해졌다. 이와 더불어 새로운 윤리적, 철학적, 법적, 사회적 쟁점들이 대두되고 있다. 이 쟁점들은 생명과학의 발전과 더불어 등장하였던 문제들과는 다른 차원의 문제들을 포함하고 있다. 인간성의 기반을 이루는 뇌를 다루고 있기 때문이다. 고등 인지 기능의 신경 기전에 대해 이해하게 되면서 종래 인간성에 대한 철학적 입장에 대해서 의문이 제기되기도 하고, 인간 행위에 대한 종래의 도덕적, 법적 책임의 소재에 의문이 제기되고 있기도 하다. 정신 과정에 개입하는 신경공학 기술 또한 많은 사회적 문제를 야기할 것으로 보인다. 이러한 뇌과학의 윤리적, 철학적, 법적, 사회적 문제를 다루기 위하여 새롭게 형성된 학문 분야를 신경윤리학이라고 한다. 본 논문에서는 2000년 대 초반부터 지금까지 진행되어온 신경윤리학의 문제들을 크게 윤리적, 철학적, 법적, 사회적 쟁점으로 구분하여 소개하고 있다. 윤리적 쟁점에서는 기술 적용의 문제를 중심으로 논란이 될 만한 신경공학 기술들을 소개하고 예상되는 문제들을 다루었다. 철학적 쟁점에서는 인간 본성에 대한 기존의 철학적 입장에 대하여 신경과학의 연구 결과들이 제기하는 새로운 물음들을 소개하고, 여기서 비롯되는 법적 책임의 문제를 중심으로 법적 쟁점을 다루었다. 사회적 쟁점에서는 신경공학 기술과 신경과학 연구 결과들이 사회 경제적 지위와 어떻게 상호작용하는지를 살펴보았다. 아울러, 신경윤리학과 관련한 최근 동향을 간략히 정리하였다. 마지막으로, 뇌과학의 윤리적, 철학적, 법적, 사회적 문제에 대처하는 방안을 제안하였다.

Abstract

Exciting developments of neuroscience in recent years have brought not only a better understanding of the brain function, but also new ideas on humanity such as origins of self, free will, and mind. While innovative neurotechnologies based on these developments have opened the possibility for applications unforeseeable in the past, new concerns of ethical, philosophical, legal, and social implications associated with these trends have appeared. In the current article, we review the concerns and trends of the neuroethics, which has emerged in recent years to deal with ethical and legal issues related to neuroscience and its applications. We mainly discuss ethical issues that accompany applications of neurotechnologies, and philosophical challenges of how we can understand the new findings in neuroscience.

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