본문 바로가기
KERD
논문

친사회적 사이버볼 게임을 통한 청소년의 소외 인식과 도움행동의 탐색: 성별과 사회적 기술 중심으로

Exploring adolescents’ perception of ostracism and helping behavior through Prosocial Cyberball Game: Focus on gender and social skill

정경미|신제인
한국심리학회 (The Korean Psychological Association)|2022.12|한국심리학회지:일반 (Korean Journal of Psychology: General)|제41권 제5호|pp. 415-435|DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.22257/kjp.2022.12.41.5.415

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

소외사회적 기술목격자WitnessSocial skill도움행동친사회적 사이버볼 게임OstracismHelping behaviorProsocial Cyberball Game
주제분류심리과학

초록

소외는 사회적으로 무시당하거나 배척당하는 것으로, 또래 관계가 중요한 청소년기에 소외 경험은 외로움, 우울, 낮은 학업 성취도 등의 매우 부정적인 경험으로 이어진다. 최근 소외를 감소시키기 위해 목격자의 역할이 중시됨에 따라 소외 상황에서 이들의 행동 양상을 객관적으로 측정할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 타인의 소외를 목격한 후 보이는 청소년의 행동이 소외 목격 여부와 성별에 따라 차이가 있는지 확인하고, 소외를 목격한 참가자의 도움행동과 사회적 기술 간의 상관을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 151명의 청소 년을 소외 목격 집단과 소외 비목격 집단에 무선 할당한 후 사회적 기술 향상 체계-평정 척도와 친사회적 사이버볼 게임(PCG)를 실시하였다. 친사회적 사이버볼 게임은 타인의 소외를 목격한 후 참가자의 행동을 탐색하기 위해 만들어진 컴퓨터화된 행동 과제이다. 연구 결과, 삼원상호작용이 나타나 집단별 사후 분석 을 진행하였는데, 소외 목격 집단에서 여자에 비해 남자가 소외된 플레이어에게 던진 공 횟수비율이 유의 미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 집단과 시간의 이원 상호작용효과가 유의미하여 사후 검정을 실시한 결과, 소외목격집단에서만목격시행전에비해목격시행후유의한향상이보고되었다. 마지막으로, 도 움행동 정도와 사회적 기술 간의 상관은 유의하지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 소외를 목격한 청소년이 대체로 소외된 상대를 도우며, 행동 수준은 성별에 영향을 받음을 의미한다.

Abstract

The experience of ostracism during adolescence, a period where peer relationships are extremly important, leads to numerous negative conseuqnces such as loneliness, depression, and poor academic performance. Recently, the role of witnesses has been emphasized to reduce alienation, underlining the need to measure witnesses’ behaivor accuretly. The current study explores whether adolescents who witnessed ostracism help the marginalized other, whether the degree ostracism perception and helping behavior differ by gender, and lastly if there is any correlation between ostracism perception, help behavior and social skills. 151 adolescents were randomly assigned to either ostracism witnessing group or non-witnessing groups and Social Skills improvement System(SSiS-RS) and Prosocial Cyberball Game(PCG) were conducted subsequently. Prosocial Cyberball game is a cumputerized behaivoral task desinged to explore participant’s behavior after witnessing others’ exclusion. Results showed that boys helped the excluded player more frequently than girls in ostracism witnessing group. Also, only in the ostracism witnessing group, ball throw ratio was significantly higher after witnessing round. Lastly, there was no significant correlation between helping behavior and social skills. These results suggest that adolescents who witnessed ostracism generally help the excluded others and that the degree of the helping behavior is affected by gender.

참고문헌 (65)

  1. Abbott, N., "What makes a young assertive bystander? The effect of intergroup contact, empathy, cultural openness, and in group bias on assertive bystander intervention intentions", Journal of Social Issues, 70(1), pp.167~182 (2014)[DOI]
  2. Barasch, A., "Selfish or selfless? On the signal value of emotion in altruistic behavior", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(3), pp.393~413 (2014)[DOI]
  3. Barrett, D. E., "Prosocial behavior, social inferential ability, and assertiveness in children", Child Development, 48(2), pp.475~481 (1977)[DOI]
  4. Bauman, S., "Experiences of adolescent witnesses to peer victimization: The bystander effect", Journal of School Psychology, 80, pp.1~14 (2020)[DOI]
  5. Belansky, E. S., "Predicting helping behaviors: The role of gender and instrumental", expressive self-schemata, 1994, pp.30(9), 647~661
  6. Blakemore, S. -J., "Avoiding social risk in adolescence", Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(2), pp.116~122 (2018)[DOI]
  7. Caprara, G. V., "A new scale for measuring adults’ prosocialness", European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), pp.77~89 (2005)[DOI]
  8. Cialdini, R. B., "Transgression and altruism: A case for hedonism", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9(6), pp.502~516 (1973)[DOI]
  9. Cialdini, R. B., "Empathy-based helping: Is it selflessly or selfishly motivated?", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), pp.749~758 (1987)[DOI]
  10. Crick, N. R., "Relational aggression, gender, and social psychological adjustment", Child Development, 66(3), pp.710~722 (1995)[DOI]
  11. Davis, M. H., "Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), pp.113~126 (1983)[DOI]
  12. Dixon, R., "Ostracism: one of the many causes of bullying in groups?", Journal of School Violence, 6(3), pp.3~26 (2007)[DOI]
  13. Eagly, A. H., "Gender and helping behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature", Psychological Bulletin, 100(3), pp.283~308 (1986)[DOI]
  14. Eagly, A. H., "Handbook of theories of social psychology", pp.458~476 (2012), Sage Publications Ltd
  15. Eisenberg, N., "Empathy related responding:Associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations", Social Issues and Policy Review, 4(1), pp.143~180 (2010)[DOI]
  16. Rich Gilman, "Validation of the Ostracism Experience Scale for Adolescents", Psychological Assessment, 25(2), pp.319~330 (2013), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  17. Gresham, F., "Social skills improvement system (SSIS) rating scales. SSIS Rating Scales", shorturl.at, 2008
  18. Grossman, M., "Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: a social role interpretation", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5), pp.1010~1022 (1993)[DOI]
  19. Hyde, J. S., "The gender similarities hypothesis", American Psychologist, 60(6), pp.581~592 (2005)[DOI]
  20. Inglés, C. J., "The Teenage Inventory of Social Skills: reliability and validity of the Spanish translation", Journal of Adolescence, 26(4), pp.505~510 (2003)[DOI]
  21. Jenkins, L. N., "Bystander intervention in bullying: Role of social skills and gender", The Journal of Early Adolescence, 39(2), pp.141~166 (2019)[DOI]
  22. Jimerson, S. R., "Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective" (2010), Routledge
  23. 정은하, "기질을 활용한 학교폭력 방관자 프로그램의 효과 검증", 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 22(1), pp.119~135 (2016), 한국문화및사회문제심리학회
  24. Juvonen, J., "Peer harassment, psychological adjustment, and school functioning in early adolescence", Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(2), pp.349~359 (2000)[DOI]
  25. Kidder, D. L., "The influence of gender on the performance of organizational citizenship behaviors", Journal of Management, 28(5), pp.629~648 (2002)[DOI]
  26. 김희영, "사회적 배제 경험과 감사 글쓰기 과제가 얼굴표정 해석 편향에 미치는 영향", 한국심리학회지: 발달, 30(1), pp.83~102 (2017), 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회
  27. Lefevor, G. T., "Traits, situational factors, and their interactions as explanations of helping behavior", Personality and Individual Differences, 92, pp.159~163 (2016)[DOI]
  28. Lynn Hawkins, D., "Naturalistic observations of peer interventions in bullying", Social Development, 10(4), pp.512~527 (2001)[DOI]
  29. Masten, C. L., "An fMRI investigation of empathy for ‘social pain’ and subsequent prosocial behavior", Neuroimage, 55(1), pp.381~388 (2011)[DOI]
  30. Meyer, M. L., "Empathy for the social suffering of friends and strangers recruits distinct patterns of brain activation", Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(4), pp.446~454 (2013)[DOI]
  31. Nathan DeWall, C., "A Little Acceptance Goes a Long Way: Applying Social Impact Theory to the RejectionAggression Link", Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(2), pp.168~174 (2010)[DOI]
  32. Nickerson, A. B., "Attachment and empathy as predictors of roles as defenders or outsiders in bullying interactions", Journal of School Psychology, 46(6), pp.687~703 (2008)[DOI]
  33. Novembre, G., "Empathy for social exclusion involves the sensory-discriminative component of pain: a within-subject fMRI study", Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(2), pp.153~164 (2015)[DOI]
  34. O’connor, M., "The relationship of children’s prosocial behavior to social responsibility, prosocial reasoning, and personality", The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 140(1), pp.33~45 (1982)[DOI]
  35. Paciello, M., "High cost helping scenario: The role of empathy, prosocial reasoning and moral disengagement on helping behavior", Personality and Individual Differences, 55(1), pp.3~7 (2013)[DOI]
  36. Parlangeli, O., "Offensive acts and helping behavior on the internet: An analysis of the relationships between moral disengagement, empathy and use of social media in a sample of Italian students", Work, 63(3), pp.469~477 (2019)[DOI]
  37. Pettigrew, T. F., "How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta analytic tests of three mediators", European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), pp.922~934 (2008)[DOI]
  38. Pharo, H., "Age-related changes in the effect of ostracism", Social Influence, 6(1), pp.22~38 (2011)[DOI]
  39. Pozzoli, T., "Active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying:The role of personal characteristics and perceived peer pressure", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(6), pp.815~827 (2010)[DOI]
  40. Richman, C. L., "Factors related to helping behavior in preschool-age children", Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 9(2), pp.151~165 (1988)[DOI]
  41. Riem, M. M., "Does intranasal oxytocin promote prosocial behavior to an excluded fellow player? A randomized-controlled trial with Cyberball", Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(8), pp.1418~1425 (2013)[DOI]
  42. Salmivalli, C., "Participant roles in bullying:How can peer bystanders be utilized in interventions?", Theory into practice, 53(4), pp.286~292 (2014)[DOI]
  43. Samulowitz, A., "“Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain", Pain research & management, 2018, pp.6358624~ (2018)[DOI]
  44. Schmidt-Barad, T., "When (state and trait) powers collide: Effects of power-incongruence and self-control on prosocial behavior", Personality and Individual Differences, 162, pp.110009~ (2020)[DOI]
  45. Schumann, L., "Power differentials in bullying: Individuals in a community context", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(5), pp.846~865 (2014)[DOI]
  46. Sebastian, C., "Social brain development and the affective consequences of ostracism in adolescence", Brain and cognition, 72(1), pp.134~145 (2010)[DOI]
  47. Silva, C., "Acting on observed social exclusion and pro-social behaviour in autism spectrum disorder", Autism, 24(1), pp.233~245 (2020)[DOI]
  48. Tang, H. H., "Reversing the negative psychological sequelae of exclusion: inclusion is ameliorative but not protective against the aversive consequences of exclusion", Emotion, 13(1), pp.139~150 (2013)[DOI]
  49. Tousignant, B., "Difference in neural response to social exclusion observation and subsequent altruism between adolescents and adults", Neuropsychologia, 116, pp.15~25 (2018)[DOI]
  50. Trach, J., "Bystander responses to school bullying: A cross-sectional investigation of grade and sex differences", Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25(1), pp.114~130 (2010)[DOI]
  51. Twyman, K. A., "Bullying and ostracism experiences in children with special health care needs", Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 31(1), pp.1~8 (2010)[DOI]
  52. Van Beest, I., "When inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), pp.918~928 (2006)[DOI]
  53. Van der Graaff, J., "Perspective taking and empathic concern in adolescence: gender differences in developmental changes", Developmental Psychology, 50(3), pp.881~888 (2014)[DOI]
  54. van der Meulen, M., "Neural correlates of prosocial behavior: compensating social exclusion in a four-player cyberball game", PloS ONE, 11(7), pp.e0159045~ (2016)[DOI]
  55. Vrijhof, C. I., "The Prosocial Cyberball Game: Compensating for social exclusion and its associations with empathic concern and bullying in adolescents", Journal of Adolescence, 52, pp.27~36 (2016)[DOI]
  56. Wesselmann, E. D., "“I feel your pain”: The effects of observing ostracism on the ostracism detection system", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(6), pp.1308~1311 (2009)[DOI]
  57. Wesselmann, E. D., "When do we ostracize?", Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(1), pp.108~115 (2013)[DOI]
  58. West, T., "Cheating and moral judgment in the college classroom: A natural experiment", Journal of Business Ethics, 54(2), pp.173~183 (2004)[DOI]
  59. Williams, K. D., "Aversive interpersonal behaviors", pp.133~170 (1997), Springer
  60. Williams, K. D., "Ostracism: The power of silence" (2002), Guilford Press
  61. Williams, K. D., "Ostracism", Annual review of psychology, 58, pp.425~452 (2007)[DOI]
  62. Williams, K. D., "Cyberostracism: effects of being ignored over the Internet", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), pp.748~762 (2000)[DOI]
  63. Wobbrock, J. O., "The aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial analyses using only anova procedures", Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp.143~146 (2011), ACM
  64. Wu, J. Z., "Research on the Development Characteristics of Interpersonal Relationships among Middle School Students", Psychological Development and Education, 3, pp.9~15 (2001)
  65. Zadro, L., "How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(4), pp.560~567 (2004)[DOI]

관련 논문AI추천

성인 여성과 여자 청소년의 사회적 배척 이후 처벌 행동에 영향을 미치는 요인김소연, 정유진한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 발달2017 · 제30권 제1호청소년의 성별에 따른 우울과 공격성에 미치는 융합적 영향 - 또래소외 매개효과중심으로남미예, 엄주란중소기업융합학회 · 융합정보논문지2018 · 제8권 제2호청소년의 사회적 성취목표와 또래관계 질의 관계: 친사회성과 공격성의 매개효과양하련, 이은주사범대학부속중등교육연구소 · 중등교육연구2014 · 제62권 제1호청소년기 사회적 배제 경험이 우울감에 미치는 영향 - 소년원생을 대상으로 -성현준, 이수정, 임광현, 최미희한국소년정책학회 · 소년보호연구2019 · 제32권 제2호따돌림 관여 유형에 따른 사회적 기술과 공격적 행동성향김동일, 최수미한국청소년상담복지개발원 · 청소년상담연구2010 · 제18권 제1호청소년의 친사회적 행동에 관련되는 또래도움에 대한 정서 - 또래지위를 중심으로 -김희화, 최유진한국청소년시설환경학회 · 청소년시설환경2011 · 제9권 제4호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (3건)

선형 혼합효과 모형에서 실험조건 효과 검정을 위한 절차 비교신유철, 이우열pp. 437-460일-가정 갈등의 하위유형과 직무탈진 간 관계에서 성별 및 결혼 여부의 조절효과박형인pp. 461-489전환 과제 수행에서 나타난 노화와 인지 통제 능력의 관계: 웹기반 실험 연구로부터의 증거이윤형, 태진이, 백현아, 최원일pp. 491-517
원문 보기