본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

피비 팔머의 신학과 사역이 19세기 미국 감리교 신학과 여성 사역에 미친 영향

Influences of the Theology and Work of Phoebe Palmer on the Methodist Theology and Woman Ministries in Nineteenth Century America

한동수
한국복음주의신학회 (Korea Evangelical Theological Society)|2021.10|성경과 신학 (Bible and Theology)|제100권 |pp. 65-106|DOI 10.17156/BT.100.03

1

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Phoebe Palmer피비 팔머19세기 미국 교회미국 기독교기독교의 민주화성결운동 과 오순절운동여성 신앙 지도자nineteenth century American ChurchAmerican Christianitydemocratization of the Christianityholiness movement and the Pentalcostalismfemale religious leader
주제분류기독교신학

초록

이소고는19세기미국의사회적, 문화적상황을잘반영한한피비팔머의 삶과 사역을 재구성하여, 그의 신학이 전통적인 가르침과 문화를 어떻게 계 승 또는 변형했는지, 그리고 그의 사상이 어떻게 당대의 다른 사람들에게 영 향을 미쳤는지 살펴본다. 팔머가 미국과 캐나다 그리고 영국 전역에 엄청난 영향을끼친주요원인은크게세가지로볼수있다. 첫째, 민주적인흐름 이 주도권을 잡던 19세기에 팔머도 전통적인 교회의 교리와 신학, 사회적 권 위에 도전하여 자기만의 방식으로 웨슬리의 신학을 변형하고 새로운 방법을 제시할 여지가 있었다. 더 나아가 포퓰리즘이 만들어낸 평등주의는 팔머가 여성으로서의 선천적인 한계를 극복하게 해 주었다. 두 번째 요소는 팔머가 그 당시 전국을 휩쓸던 부흥의 절정기에 사역했다는 사실이다. 부흥운동은 평등주의를 촉진했을 뿐 아니라, 사람들이 영적인 일들에 눈을 뜰 수 있게 해 주었다. 뿐만 아니라, 전통적인 교회 구조와 신학체계를 흔들어 놓은 부 흥주의가 사람들에게 팔머의 “새로운 방법”을 별 반감 없이 받아들일 수 있 게 해 주었다. 마지막 요소는 팔머가 신학과 사역에서 나름 균형을 잡으려고 노력했다는 점이다. 한편에서 그의 재능과 대의가 그 시대의 사회적 분위기에 부합했다면, 다른 한편에서 가정 내에서의 여성의 역할을 강조했던 그의 신학은 가정에 대해 여전히 보수적인 입장을 취하던 사람들에게 일종의 안 정감을 주었을 것이다. 신분과 사상, 그리고 활동 면에서 피비 팔머는 19세 기미국사회와교회의변화를주도한인물이라고할수있다. 그가대중적 인 미국 기독교에서 꽤 명성을 얻었다는 사실은 한국교회에 일종의 통찰과 교훈을 주어 현재의 기독교를 진단할 뿐 아니라 미래를 예측하고 준비할 수 있게 해 줄 것이다.

Abstract

Reconstructing Phoebe Palmer’s life and work mirroring the social and theo- logical circumstances in nineteenth century America, this essay is devoted to how her theology is consistent with or different from the traditional teach- ings and culture, and how her thoughts influenced on other contemporary people. The primary reasons why Palmer became one of the most well known and widely-accepted women in America includes three major points. First, in a democratic climate, in which all people tended to challenge the traditional doctrine, theology and authorities of churches, Palmer had room to alter Wesleyan doctrine in her own way and established a new measure. What is more, egalitarianism accompanied by populism enabled her to weather the intrinsic limits of her status. The second factor is that she rode the crest of the revivalism that was sweeping over the nation. The Revival movement not only fostered the egalitarianism but encouraged people to open their eyes to spiritual matters. Besides, the nature of revivalism that stirred the traditional church structure and body of theology made it possible for people to accept her “new measures” with no antipathy. The last factor is her balanced theology and activities. If her talents and cause matched the social climate of the day, her theology emphasizing the role of women in their family gave a sense of security to the people who still maintained the conservative position concerning their family. In her status, thoughts and activities, Phoebe Palmer epitomizes the society of the nineteenth cen- tury America. Her prominence in American popular religion might give some inspirations for the Korean church to diagnose the current Korean Christianity and prepare for its future.

참고문헌 (63)

  1. Ahlstrom, Sydney, "A Religious History of the American People" (2004), Yale University
  2. Arthur, William, "The Tongue of Fire; or the True Power of Christianity" (1856), Hamilton, Adams, and John Mason
  3. Bordin, Ruth, "Frances Willard: A Biography" (1986), University of North Carolina
  4. Bucke, Emory Stevens, "The History of American Methodism" (1964), Abingdon Press
  5. Clarke, Adam, "Christian Theology: Selected from His Published and Unpublished Writings and Systematically Arranged" (1851), Lane & Scott
  6. Clarke, Adam, "Commentary on the Holy Bible: Abridged from the Original Six-Volume Work" (1967), Barker
  7. Coffing, Karen Bartley, "Character & Personality: Phoebe Palmer and Aimee Semple McPherson as Mirrors of American Culture", Fides et Historia, 28(1), pp.48~67 (1996)
  8. Daniels, W. H., "Dr. Cullis and His Work" (1885), Willard Tract Repository
  9. Dayton, Donald W., "Aspects of Pentecostal-Charismatic Origins" (1975), Logos International
  10. Dayton, Donald W., "Theological Roots of Pentecostalism" (1987), Francis Asbury
  11. Dayton, Lucille S., "Your Daughters Shall Prophesy:Feminism in the Holiness Movement", Methodist History, 14(2), pp.67~92 (1976)
  12. Dieter, Melvin E., "The Development of Nineteenth Century Holiness Theology", Wesleyan Theological Journal, 20(1), pp.61~77 (1985)
  13. Dieter, Melvin E., "The Holiness Revival of the Nineteenth Century" (1980), Scarecrow Press
  14. Dodrill, Jonathan, "From Second Blessing to Second Coming: the Evolution of Dispensationalism within the Holiness Hermeneutic", Wesleyan Theological Journal, 47(1), pp.150~161 (2012)
  15. Dunlap, E. Dale, "Tuesday Meetings, Camp Meetings, and Cabinet Meetings:A Perspective on the Holiness Movement in the Methodist Church in the US in 19th Century", Methodist History, 13(3), pp.85~106 (1975)
  16. Finke, Roger, "The Churching of America, 1776-2005: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy" (2005), Rutgers University
  17. Fleming, Jody B., "The Faith and Praxis of Women in Missions in the Early Pentecostal and Holiness Movement", The Asbury Journal, 69(2), pp.111~135 (2014)
  18. Fletcher, John, "Third Check to Antinomianism and Last Check to Antinomianism in The Works of the Reverend John Fletcher, Late Vicar of Madeley, 4vols", Carlton & Porter
  19. Galea, Kate P. Crawford, "‘Anchored Behind the Veil’: Mystical Vision as a Possible Source of Authority in the Ministry of Phoebe Palmer", Methodist History, 31(4), pp.236~247 (1993)
  20. Garrison, S. Olin, "Forty Witnesses Covering the Whole Range of Christian Experience" (1888), Cranston & Stowe
  21. Grider, J. Kenneth, "Entire Sanctification : The Distinctive Doctrine of Wesleyanism" (1980), Beacon Hill
  22. Hatch, Nathan, "Methodism and the Shaping of American Culture" (2001), Kingswood
  23. Hatch, Nathan O., "The Democratization of American Christianity" (1989), Yale University
  24. Hogan, Lucy Lind, "Negotiating Personhood, Womanhood, and Spiritual equality - Phoebe Palmer’s Defense of the Preaching of Women", ATQ, 14(3), pp.211~226 (2000)
  25. Hovet, Theodore, "Phoebe Palmer’s ‘Altar Phraseology’ and the Spiritual Dimension of Woman’s Sphere", Journal of Religion, 63(3), pp.264~280 (1983)
  26. Howard, Ivan, "Wesley versus Phoebe Palmer : An Extended Controversy", Wesleyan Theological Journal, 6, pp.31~40 (1971)
  27. Irons, Kendra W., "Phobe Palmer: Chosen, Tried, Triumphant: An Examination of Her Calling of Current Research", Methodist History, 37(1), pp.28~36 (1998)
  28. Jones, Charles Edwin, "The Inverted Shadow of Phoebe Palmer", Wesleyan Theological Journal, 31(2), pp.120~131 (1996)
  29. 김성수, "그 순간 성결 은혜기 : 성결운동의 어머니 피비 팔머(1)", 활천, 726(5), pp.42~45 (2014)
  30. 김성수, "그 순간 성결 은혜기 : 성결운동의 어머니 피비 팔머(2)", 활천, 727(6), pp.4~47 (2014)
  31. 김성수, "그 순간 성결 은혜기 : 성결운동의 어머니 피비 팔머(3)", 활천, 728(7), pp.48~51 (2014)
  32. 김성수, "그 순간 성결 은혜기 : 성결운동의 어머니 피비 팔머(4)", 활천, 729(8), pp.40~43 (2014)
  33. Kim, YoungSung, "Holiness Is Power: Sources and Implications of Phoebe Palmer’s Holiness Theology", Word & Deed: A Journal of Salvation Army Theology and Ministry, 14, pp.29~49 (2012)
  34. Leclerc, Diane, "Two Women Speaking ‘Woman’: the Strategic Essentialism of Luce Irigaray and Phoebe", Wesleyan Theological Journal, 35(1), pp.182~199 (2000)
  35. Leclerc, Diane, "Wesleyan-Holiness-feminist Hermeneutics: Historical Rendering, Current Considerations", Wesleyan Theological Journal, 36(2), pp.105~132 (2001)
  36. 이정미, "존 웨슬리의 감리교 운동과 페미니즘", 역사와 담론, (37), pp.291~334 (2004), 호서사학회
  37. Lowery, Kevin T., "A Fork in the Wesleyan Road: Phoebe Palmer and the Appropriation of Christian Perfection", Wesleyan Theological Journal, 36(2), pp.187~222 (2001)
  38. McFadden, Margaret, "The Ironies of Pentecost: Phoebe Palmer, World Evangelism, and Female Networks", Methodist History, 31(2), pp.63~75 (1993)
  39. Miskov, Jennifer A., "Missing Links: Phoebe Palmer, Carrie Judd Montgomery, and Holiness Roots within Pentecostalism", Penteco Studies, 10(1), pp.8~28 (2011)
  40. Morrow, Thomas, "Early Methodist Women" (1967), Epworth Press
  41. Noll, Mark, "A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada" (1992), W. B. Eerdmans
  42. Palmer, Phoebe, "Faith and Its Effects, or Fragments from My Portfolio" (1856), G. R. Sanderson
  43. Palmer, Phoebe, "Full Salvation: Its Doctrine and Duties" (1979), Schmul
  44. Palmer, Phoebe, "Incidental Illustrations of the Economy of Salvation, Its Doctrines and Duties" (1855), HV Degen
  45. Palmer, Phoebe, "Promise of the Father, or, A Neglected Speciality of the Last Days: Addressed to the Clergy and Laity of All Christian Communities" (1981), Schmul
  46. Palmer, Phoebe, "The Way of Holiness with Notes by the Way: Being a Narrative of Religious Experience Resulting from a Determination to Be a Bible Christian" (1981), Palmer & Hughes
  47. 박명수, "성령, 성결, 여성: 푀비 팔머(Mrs. Phoebe Palmer)의 사역과 신학", 한국교회사학회지, (10) (2001), 한국교회사학회
  48. 박용규, "한국기독교회사 III, 1960-2010" (2018), 한국기독교사연구소
  49. Pugh, Ben, "The Wesleyan Way Entire Sanctification and Its Spin-offs: A Recurring Theme in Evangelical Devotion", Evangelical Review of Theology, 38(1), pp.4~21 (2014)
  50. Raser, Harold E., "Studies in Women and Religion, Vol 22" (1987), E. Mellen
  51. Rightmire, R. Daivd, "Subordination of Ecclesiology and Sacramental theology to Pneumatology in the Nineteenth-century Holiness Movement", Wesleyan Theological Journal, 47(2), pp.27~35 (2012)
  52. Scotland, Nigel, "The Role of Revivalist Religion in the Campaigns for Social Reform and Equal Rights of Nineteenth-century Women in England and America", European Journal of Theology, 27(1), pp.31~42 (2018)
  53. Sweeney, Douglas A., "The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement" (2005), Baker
  54. Synan, Vinson, "The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twen- tieth Century" (2000), W. B. Eerdmans
  55. Truesdale, Albert, "Reification of the Experience of Entire Sanctification in the American Holiness Movement", Wesleyan Theological Journal, 31, pp.95~119 (1996)
  56. Wesley, John, "A Plain Account of Christian Perfection" (1952), Epworth Press
  57. Wesley, John, "The Works of Rev. John Wesley. 14 Vols" (1984), Hendrickson
  58. Wheatley, Richard, "The Life and Letters of Mrs. Phoebe Palmer" (1984), Garland
  59. White, Charles Edward, "The Beauty of Holiness: Phoebe Palmer as Theologian, Revivalist, Feminist and Humanitarian" (1986), Wipf and Stock
  60. White, Charles Edward, "The Beauty of Holiness: the Career of Phoebe Palmer", Fides et Historia, 19(1), pp.22~34 (1987)
  61. White, Charles Edward, "Holiness Fire-starter", Christian History and Biography, 82, pp.16~21 (2004)
  62. White, Charles Edward, "Phoebe Palmer and the Development of Pentecostal Pneumatology", Wesleyan Theological Journal, 23, pp.198~212 (1988)
  63. Wojciechowski, Jennie Hornyak, "Phoebe Palmer and the Holy Life", Word &World, 40(4), pp.353~362 (2020)

관련 논문AI추천

피비 팔머의 선교 신학과 19세기 성결 운동윤서태21세기기독교사회문화아카데미 · 신학과 사회2025 · 제39권 제4호찰스 피니의 부흥신학과 방법론에 대한 분석과 평가유창형한국복음주의조직신학회 · 조직신학연구2024 · 제47권 메소디스트 부흥운동의 소멸, 그리고 회복의 전망장기영한국실천신학회 · 신학과 실천2023 · 제83호존 웨슬리와 초기 감리교 여성설교직의 발전오광석신학사상연구소 · 신학사상2011 · 제152호릴리어스 호튼 언더우드의 선교 사역과 여성의식정미현국학연구원 · 동방학지2015 · 제171호여성해방적 예배의 추구와 전망김애영신학사상연구소 · 신학사상2009 · 제146호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (3건)

토마스 굳윈의 스가랴 4:6-9 설교에 사용된 사중해석법(quadriga)을 통해서 본 해석학적 연속성김효남pp. 1-30교회의 본질과 말씀에 기초하여 다시 찾아가는 기독교교육의 단서유은희pp. 31-63비대면 학습공동체의 역동성 향상을 위한 교수 중심 튜터링의 교수전략 연구이종민pp. 107-135
원문 보기