제조사 주도 공급사슬에서 물량분배정책(order allocation policy)이 공급사-공급사 협력에 미치는 영향
The impact of order allocation policy on the supplier-supplier collaboration in a supply chain
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초록
최근 많은 제조사는 급변하는 시장 환경에 효과적으로 대응하기 위한 대응책 중 하나로 공급사 사 간 협력적 관계에 주목하고 있다. 본 연구는 게임이론의 추론 방식에 근거하여 3자 공급사슬을 가정하고, 물량분배정책(order allocation policy)에 대한 제조사 의사결정이 비대칭적 생산 역량을 가진 경쟁 관계의 공급사 간 협력을 유도할 수 있는지 살펴보았다. 공급사의 생산용량에 제약이 있는 상황에서, 공급사 간 협력은 (i) 상대적으로 납품단가가 낮은 저비용 공급사의 생산용량이 일정 수준 이상이고, (ii) 협력적 활동을 수행하는 데 소요되는 고정비용의 수준이 충분히 낮을 때, (iii) 제조사의 물량분배정책이 둘 이상의 공급사에 나누어 주문하는 물량 분할(Split-award: SA) 방식을 따를 때 성사될 수 있다.
Abstract
Many manufacturers are now focusing on the capability development of key suppliers, as a major means of enhancing the competitiveness of product price and quality. Among the various measures of strengthening supplier capabilities, this study focuses on the collaborative interaction between suppliers (e.g., technical advice, seminars, and on-site visits) and investigates the manufacturer's order allocation policy to elicit such collaboration. It classifies the order allocation policy into two types: the winner-takes-it-all (WTA) type, under which the manufacturer grants the total order quantity to the low-cost supplier, and the split-award (SA) type, which divides the order between two or more suppliers. Based on game-theoretic reasoning, this study examines the type of policy that induces supplier collaboration, and in turn, positively impacts the manufacturer's profit generation. To answer the research questions, we consider a triadic supply chain, consisting of a manufacturer and two suppliers with asymmetric capabilities and derive the subgame perfect equilibrium under the suppliers' production capacity constraint. The main results of this study are as follows: the manufacturer can induce collaboration between suppliers by implementing an SA-type allocation policy, when the following three conditions are met: (i)the fixed cost for collaboration is affordable, (ii) the production capacity of the low-cost supplier is sufficiently high, and (iii) the suppliers have similar capabilities. However, this is a burden to the manufacturer in that the volume purchased from the high-cost supplier increases under the SA-type allocation policy. Hence, the SA-type allocation policy occurs only when the associated cost is sufficiently low, while the low-cost supplier's production capacity is moderate.
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