동아시아 複都制와 多京制의 구분

Abstract

This paper aims at proposing a distinction between dual royal cities system(複都制) and multiple capital system(多京制) that operated in East Asia. The core of this distinction key was to distinguish the meanings of royal city(都) and capital(京). Since Han dynasty, royal city(都) only referred to the cities where the royal shrine(宗廟) was built by emperor‘s power monopolizing the right to perform ancestral rites, and capital(京) referred to the top-level city within the administrative system under the bureaucracy. In general, royal city(都) was capital(京), but not all capital(京) were royal city(都). Specifically, Xin(新), Sui(隋), and Wuzhou(武周) operated dual royal cities by establishing royal shrine in Changan(長安) and Luoyang(洛陽) at the same time, while the Tang dynasty operated multiple capital system by organizing Changan, Luoyang and Taiyuan(太原) into the same top-level administrative unit, capital(京). On the other hand, in case of Ye(鄴) and Jinyang(Taiyuan) of Dongwei-Beiqi(東魏-北齊), and Heijokyo(平城京) and Naniwakyo(難波京) of 8th century Japan which were often interpreted as dual royal cities system(複都制), it can be understood as multiple capital, not dual royal cities, since Jinyang(Taiyuan) and Naniwakyo are of low status than Ye and Heijokyo. Dual royal cities system and multiple capital system also differed in their operating background. After the dynastic revolution, the operating backgrounds of dual royal cities system of Xin, Sui and Wuzhou focused on Luoyang as the same status of Changan in order to enhance the legitimacy of the dynasty. On the other hand, the operating backgrounds of multiple capital were different in each society. While Tang operated multiple capital system to secure a base for nationwide control, Dongwei-Beiqi operated multiple capital system in order to maximize the military function of Jinyang(Taiyuan) in the military confrontation with Xiwei-Beizhou(西魏-北周). 8th Century Japan's multiple capital system was a transitional royal city system established in the process of transition to the bureaucracy based on legal system(律令) after the acceptance of Tang's legal system.