인조-숙종대 교생고강(校生考講) 제도 연구

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Gyosaeng Gogang(校生考講)'s system from In-jo(仁祖)'s reign to Suk-jong(肅宗)'s reign during Joseon(朝鮮) dynasty and to discuss the educational significance related with the local education policy. The discussion over the reinforcement of Gyosaeng Gogang was proposed in 1624 for the reconstruction of Hyanggyo(鄕校) education. Finally, Gyosaeng Gogang's regulations were reorganized in ‘Gakdogyosaenggogangsamok(各道校生考講事目)’ in 1644. Students had to pass two test subjects choosing one from <Saseo(四書)> and 『Sohak(小學)』, and the other from Jesajajip(諸史子集). Gyosaeng Gogang was performed without separating between Aeknae(額內) and Aekoi(額外). The students who failed in the test were sent to Moohak(武學) and after three years of studying, they could have an opportunity to take an examination again. If failing again, they were recruited to be Gunbo(軍保) and were not able to return to the school. According to Gyosaeng Gogang regulations revised in 1644, Gyosaeng Gogang was held from Hyo-jong(孝宗) to Hyun-jong(顯宗). During this period, along with the local education policy promoting Goanhak(官學), Gyosaeng Gogang took place more rigidly under the revised regulations. Gyosaeng Gogang became an essential prerequisite for the public examination system. The reason is that students had to be a member of the school in order to take the examination for government service appointment and to apply for Gongdohoe(公都會), the local-level examination. In 1704, 'Gyosaengnakgangjingpojulmok(校生落講徵布節目)'was proclaimed. Gogang would be held once per year avoiding the farming season. The students had to pass one test subject choosing from Gyungseo(經書) or Saseo(史書). Also, they had to change their test book each year. Gyosaeng who failed from Gogang would be collected two Pils(匹) of clothes but he could sustain his position as Gyosaeng. In 1711, new regulations on Gogang were made. The failed students in Gogang were recruited in military service. Above all, the grades of Gogang became the criteria that separated between Aeknae and Aekoi. The empty spot in Aeknae was to be supplied from Aekoi according to the grades of Gogang, which also encouraged Gyosaeng to study harder for Gogang. Through the results of this study, I can make sure that Gyosaeng Gogang from In-jo's reign to Suk-jong's reign was implemented under the same purpose as the one of early Joseon dynasty which promoted students to study hard. Students had to study for Gyosaeng Gogang in order not to fail in the test because they had to be a member of the school for taking the examination for government service appointment. Also, with the increasing number of students since 17 century, Gogang was strengthened in order to improve the students' academic achievement and to punish unqualified students who did not study at all.