네덜란드령 카리브 문학과 포스트식민주의 혼종성의 공간
Postcolonial Hybridity in Dutch Caribbean Literature
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다양한 인종적ㆍ문화적 배경과 언어적 다양성은 카리브문화의 근본적인 특징이며, 디아스포라의 역사와 혼종적 정체성의 문제는 카리브문학이 공유하는 중요한 특징이다. 네덜란드령 카리브지역에도 식민주의역사의 잔재와 영향은 뿌리깊이 남아있으며, 탈식민주의, 실용주의, 언어의 문제, 저항과 자립, 안틸레스 민족주의는 이들의 문화적, 국가적 정체성 형성에 복합으로 관계하는 주요요소이다. 이 글에서는 먼저 영어권, 스페인어권 카리브문학에 비해 관심을 받지 못한 네덜란드어권 카리브문학의 역사적 배경을 살펴보며, 네덜란드 카리브문학이 유럽과 카리브라는 두 지역적 경계에서 어떠한 문학적 전략을 펼쳐왔으며 ‘안틸레스문학’의 시대를 열게 되었는지 고찰해본다. 또한 1973년 출간된 프랑크 마티누스 아리온의 작품 『더블플레이(Dubbelspel)』에 나타난 문학적장치와 정체성의 문제를 살펴보며, 다양한 요소들이 서로 소통하며 지속적인 변화와 변증법을 이끌어내는 혼종성의 공간으로서의 네덜란드카리브문학을 해석해본다. 1969년 큐라소의 항쟁을 계기로 네덜란드령카리브문학이 표방하는 정체성의 문제는 분명히 다른 색깔과 전략을 보인다. 1969년 이전의 백인 안틸레스작가들의 작품은 식민주의의 틀과규범을 내면화한 식민주의 성격이 강한 작품이었다. 그러나 최초의 흑인 네덜란드령 안틸레스작가의 작품인 더블플레이 는 전형적인 카리브 중심주의 성격을 지닌 ‘포스트식민주의’ 작품으로 간주할 수 있다. 작가 아리온은 식민주의의 과거와 현재, 흑과 백, 식민과 피식민, 유럽과카리브가 공존하는 혼종의 공간을 만들어 내며, 동시에 식민담론의 붕괴 가능성을 시사하는 문학적 장치를 보여준다. 이처럼 네덜란드령 카리브 문학은 깊게 뿌리내린 식민주의의 과거를 극복하고, 이들의 새로운 정체성과 타협하고 격렬히 논쟁하며 새로운 카리브의 역사를 만들어가는 헤테로토피아의 공간을 제시하고 있다.
Abstract
Not only in Dutch-Caribbean literature, but also in Caribbean literature in general, thequestion of identity is an important subject. The characters try to define their subjectivity, andat the same time try to reconstruct the identity of the community. Even in the case of Curacao,the background of the two works in this paper, various people are creating their own identityin a dynamic way. Their hybrid identities are constantly mixed, compromised, and vigorouslydebated, rather than facing one fixed point of orientation. The history and remnants of thepast colonialism are closely intertwined with the current social structure, and concepts such ascolonialism, post-colonialism, pragmatism, resistance and independence, and Antillean nationalismare elements that are complexly related to their cultural and national identityformation.This article first examines the historical background and history of literary criticismof Dutch-speaking Caribbean literature, which has not received much attention compared toEnglish-speaking and Spanish-speaking Caribbean literature. It also examines the literary apparatusand the problems of identity that appeared in Arion’s work “Double Play,” publishedin 1973, and interprets Dutch Caribbean literature as a hybrid space where various elementscommunicate with each other and lead to continuous change and dialectics. With the Curacaouprising in 1969, the identity problem of Dutch Caribbean literature clearly shows a differentcolor and strategy. In the literature of white Antillean writers before 1969, the framework andnorms of colonialism were strongly internalized. However, “Double Play”, the work of thefirst black Antillean writer, can be regarded as a post-colonial work with typical Caribbeancentredcharacters. Arion creates a hybrid space where colonialism’s past and present, blackand white, and Europe and the Caribbean coexist, and at the same time shows a literary agencythat suggests the possibility of changes to or the collapse of colonial discourse. As such, DutchCaribbean literature presents a space of heterotopia that overcomes the deeply rooted past ofcolonialism, compromises with new identities, and creates a new Caribbean history.
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