South Korean Culture Goes Global : K-Pop and the Korean Wave
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This paper is an attempt to understand the explosive consumption of South Korean cultural exports in Asia, and its reproduction in South Korea. The more commonly available explanations about the success of Hallyu, which cannot adequately explain why Hallyu has taken Asia by storm while popular cultures from other Asian nations have not, include the following: (1) cultural proximity; (2) common historical and cultural legacy; (3) common 20th century experience of rapid industrialization in the region; (4) rapid increase in intra‐regional trade, investment, tourism, etc.; and (5) the development of information technology (IT) industry and other modern industries in South Korea. We offer three alternative scenarios to help explain Hallyu’s success using global and local cultural explanations. First, Hallyu is analyzed from the perspective of an alternative form of globalization of culture from the South implying the diversification of world cultures. Neither rejecting nor reacting to the dominant cultures of the West, we postulate that Hallyu is more an alternative and revision of the US‐dominated cultural globalization. Second, taking a more region‐bound perspective, we analyze whether Asia’s history of colonialism and the fight for supremacy between two regional super powers ─i.e., Japan and China ─, have led South Korea to become a more palatable cultural hegemon in the region. Third, the paper uses the Korean concept of “Hanp’uri” (dissolution of “Han”) to understand how Hallyu has been embraced in South Korea as a source of national pride and helped its reproduction. Finally, we argue that the future of Hallyu will rest on whether it can become identified as a new world culture with distinct traits of its own and enrich the world’s cultural scene.
Abstract
This paper is an attempt to understand the explosive consumption of South Korean cultural exports in Asia, and its reproduction in South Korea. The more commonly available explanations about the success of Hallyu, which cannot adequately explain why Hallyu has taken Asia by storm while popular cultures from other Asian nations have not, include the following: (1) cultural proximity; (2) common historical and cultural legacy; (3) common 20th century experience of rapid industrialization in the region; (4) rapid increase in intra‐regional trade, investment, tourism, etc.; and (5) the development of information technology (IT) industry and other modern industries in South Korea. We offer three alternative scenarios to help explain Hallyu’s success using global and local cultural explanations. First, Hallyu is analyzed from the perspective of an alternative form of globalization of culture from the South implying the diversification of world cultures. Neither rejecting nor reacting to the dominant cultures of the West, we postulate that Hallyu is more an alternative and revision of the US‐dominated cultural globalization. Second, taking a more region‐bound perspective, we analyze whether Asia’s history of colonialism and the fight for supremacy between two regional super powers ─i.e., Japan and China ─, have led South Korea to become a more palatable cultural hegemon in the region. Third, the paper uses the Korean concept of “Hanp’uri” (dissolution of “Han”) to understand how Hallyu has been embraced in South Korea as a source of national pride and helped its reproduction. Finally, we argue that the future of Hallyu will rest on whether it can become identified as a new world culture with distinct traits of its own and enrich the world’s cultural scene.
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