중국 동북지역의 점복문화에 관한 고찰–신석기시대와 청동기시대의 복골을 중심으로–

Abstract

In China the northeastern provinces formed a unique culture from the New Stone Age, and materials relating to divination using bone-andshell inscriptions have consistently been excavated. However, there has been little progress in specific discussions regarding these objects. This study thus investigates the bugu (卜骨) materials excavated in the northeastern provinces and introduces the following results regarding their characteristics and processes of change. First, the study raises doubts regarding the authenticity of the bugu excavated in the Fuhe (富河) culture zone since it was difficult to consider the bugu (Sample H3:24, the right scapula of the sheep) of the Fuhe culture in the excavation report as an artificial zhuo (灼). In addition, no bugu has been discovered in other ancient cultures of the New Stone Age in the region, and bugu started to emerge only in the Lower Xiajiadian (夏家店) culture of the Bronze Age. Second, bugu began to emerge in the northeastern provinces after the start of the Bronze Age and this can be divided into the early periods and the later periods. The early periods are represented by the Lower Xiajiadian culture, whereas the later periods are represented by the Weiyingzi (魏營子) culture, the Upper Xiajiadian culture, and the Shiertaiyingzi (十二臺營子) culture. Third, the mainstream of the Lower Xiajiadian culture was bugu based on the scapula of cows, pigs, sheep, and deer with no discoveries of bujia (卜甲) using guijia (龜甲). The bugu of the Lower Xiajiadian culture were categorized in three shapes and six forms based upon the jiagu (甲骨) materials and the combinations of zuan (鑽)·zhuo (灼). Fourth, there was a concentration on the circular zuan , a relatively advanced technology, in the Chifeng (赤峰) area that was the center of the Lower Xiajiadian culture. The divination method using the ribs, tibias, phalanges, and bone splinters of animals was a phenomenon unique to that area. Finally, the bugu excavated in the Weiyingzi culture, the Upper Xiajiadian culture, and the Shiertaiyingzi culture was not great in volume. These cultures used the scapula of the cow, pig, and sheep, which were categorized into two shapes based on the combinations of zuan·zhuo . There are many parts that describe the characteristics and origins of divination in bone-and-shell inscriptions in the northeastern provinces in China in an abstract or vague manner. The present study not only illuminated their correlations with the northern and middle provinces in China clearly, but also built a foundation for understanding the origin of bugu divination that came in vogue in the Korean peninsula more broadly.