개혁 개방 이후 중국의 신장 실크로드사 연구
The Chinese Studies of the History of Xinjiang Silk Road after the Policy of Reform and Opening
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참고문헌
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초록
중국은 1980년대 개혁 개방을 시작한 이후 개방의 상징이었던 실크로드에 관심을 보였다. 이것은 1990년대 이후에 더욱 강화되면서 유네스코를 중심으로 한국제적 활동으로 이어졌고, 학술 연구 역시 본격적으로 시작되었다. 하지만 사회주의권 붕괴 이후 내적인 안정에 초점을 맞춰 기존의 중국 민족사의 관점에서위구르를 강조하는 것이 아니라 변강사의 관점에서 신장이라는 단위를 강조하는 방향으로 전환되었다. 이후 21세기 대테러 전쟁의 확산과 함께 중국이 내지에 대한 단속을 강화하려는 움직임이 강화된 것 역시 신장 실크로드에 대한 연구에 영향을 미쳤다. 1990년대에 활발하게 전개되었던 중국의 신장 실크로드사 연구는 다방면에 진행되어 일부 심화되기도 하나 변강 정책의 추진에 맞춰 진행될 수밖에 없었다. 특히 2014년에 추진된 ‘신장항목’의 연구는 중요한 역할을 했는데, 실크로드에대한 접근 태도 역시 이와 관련되어 이루어졌다. 신장 지배에 대한 중국의 입장은 과거 제국주의에 침탈당한 경험으로 대외적 반감을 표현하는 수단의 하나였지만, 중국이 실크로드의 문명을 교류하는 주도 세력으로서 신장 지배를 설명할 경우 달랐다. 중국에게 신장은 통제 대상, 즉 ‘내지 식민지’였고, 이것을 더욱 강화하는 방향으로 설명하고자 했다. 따라서 실크로드 역시 변강을 역사적으로 귀속시키려는 중국에게 이를 정당화하는 유용한 도구가 되었다. 결국 이것은 변강사의 가장 중요한 목표로 설정된 ‘중화민족대가족 구성’이라는 대전제에 충실하게 복무하고자 한 것이었다. 2013년 일대일로, 즉 신실크로드 전략 추진 이후 더 적극적으로 실크로드에대한 연구와 활동이 전개되나 반대로 신장의 역사 귀속 문제는 더욱 강조되었다. 이런 중국의 입장은 2014년 카자흐스탄, 키르기스스탄과 같이 유네스코 세계 문화유산으로 등재한 신장의 실크로드 유적의 현재 복원 상황에서도 확인된다. 기존 중국의 실크로드에 대한 이론적 접근을 통해 신장의 역사를 중국에 귀속시키려는 입장이 강하게 반영되고 있다. 따라서 이런 중국의 입장은 향후 더욱 강화될 것인데, 이것은 겉으로 문화적인 부분을 강조하는 실크로드의 정치적측면을 보여주는 것이다.
Abstract
The Chinese government has shown interest in the Silk Road, a symbol of openness, since it started a reform in the 1980s. Such trend has intensified since the 1990s, leading to international activities centered on UNESCO. Around this time, the Chinese government actively participated in UNESCO’s efforts to protect the Silk Road to confirm its image of openness. In addition, the academic research results could also begin in earnest. Unlike the one that emphasized Uighur from the perspective of Chinese history, it focused on inner stability and moved its focus to emphasize the units of height from the viewpoint of a lecturer. Since then, the spread of the war against Russia in the twenty-first century and the intensifying crackdown on the inland of China have had a significant impact on the research of the Xinjiang Silk Road. Thus, China’s study of the Xinjiang Silk Road was enhanced in many ways, mostly in relation to the implementation of the metamorphosis policy. In particular, the study of the Xinjiang Project, a policy initiative promoted in 2014, played an important role and the approach to the Silk Road also had relations with this project. Originally, China’s position on the domination over Xinjiang was one of the means of expressing external animosity through its experience of encroaching on imperialism in the past, but it was different when the Chinese described its dominance as a leading force in the exchange of civilization on the Silk Road. To China, Xinjiang was a subject of control or an internal colony, and this had to be explained in a way that further strengthens such perception. The term Silk Road was also a useful tool to justify the Chinese policy, which historically attempted to attribute the metamorphosis to China. In the end, it was meant to serve faithfully on the grand premise of “creating a large family of Chinese people,” which was set as the primary goals of the frontier policy. As research and activities on the Silk Road became more active following the implementation of the One Belt One Road initiative in 2013, the issue of history attribution was further empathized. This can also be seen in the current situation of the Silk Road relics, which were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in 2014. It also strongly demonstrated its stance to attribute Xinjiang’s history to the Chinese government’s intention through theoretical approaches to the Silk Road. This trend will continue to grow in the future, and the more China tries to reopen the Silk Road to Central Asia, the more attention it will have on stabilizing the displacement.
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