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고령근로자의 고용불안정 상태, 고용불안과 우울증상의 관계

Associations between Employment instability, job insecurity, and depressive symptoms among older workers

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초록

우리나라 고령자들의 광범위한 고용불안정 상태에도 불구하고 이에 대한 고령근로자들의 주관적인 인식이나 건강과의 관계에 대한 연구는 부족하다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 고령근로자의 고용불안정 상태 및 고용불안 인식과 우울증상의 시간에 따른 관계를 분석하는 것이다. 분석은 한국고령화연구패널(Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing: KLoSA)의 1차(2006)~6차(2016)년도 조사에 모두 참여한 55세 이상 대상자 중 조사기간 동안 한번 이상 임금근로자로 일한 906명을 대상으로 수행하였다. 혼합효과 모델을 사용하여 고용유형 및 주관적 고용불안의 우울증상과의 관계를 분석하였다. 분석결과에 의하면 상용직에 비해 일용직 고령근로자들은 높은 우울수준을 보였으며 고용불안 인식 또한 우울수준과 정적인 관계에 있었다. 고용유형과 고용불안의 시간과의 상호작용은 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타나 고용유형과 고용불안 인식에 따른 우울수준의 차이는 시간이 지나도 일정하게 유지되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 우리나라 고령근로자들의 상당한 비율이 객관적 고용불안정과 주관적 고용불안을 경험할 뿐 아니라, 이들은 고령근로자들의 정신건강의 격차를 발생시키는 요인이 될 수 있음을 밝혔다는데 의의가 있다. 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 노년기 고용불안정 개선을 위한 정책적 개입과 비정규직 근로환경 개선 방안을 제시하였다.

Abstract

Despite the significant proportion of olde workers with instable employment condition, empirical studies about their subjective perception on their employment instability and the health consequences remain limited. Thus, this study aims to investigate the associations between employment instability, job insecurity, and depressive symptoms of older workers over time. Analyses were based on 906 individuals aged 55 and older, who had ever worked as paid employee, and continued to participate in the 1st to 6th waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing(KLoSA). Findings from mixed-effects models indicated that compared to standard workers, daily-workers showed significantly higher depressive symptoms. Older workers with job insecurity perception also demonstrated greater depressive symptoms. Interactions of employment type by time and job insecurity by time were not significant reflecting the differences in depressive symptoms depending on employment type and job insecurity perception tend to remain consistent over time. The present study suggests that there are not only high levels of employment instability and job insecurity perception, they also can be determinants of disparity in psychological health of older workers. Implications to the intervention needs for reducing employment instability and better working conditions of older workers are discussed.

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