정보기관과 비국가 행위자의 이중관계: 사이버 위협의 공개지목과 사이버 공작을 중심으로
Intelligence Agency ’ s Role and its Relations with Non-State Actors in Cyberspace
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초록
국가 정보기관의 고유 업무는 사이버 공간의 특징으로 전통적인 안보영역에서 활용되었던 방식, 수단, 목적과 다르게 추진되고 있다. 정보기관의주된 역할로써 사이버 첩보수집과 비밀공작은 밀접하게 연계되어 있고, 사이버 위협활동은 이런 연계성으로 형성된 회색지대에서 전략적 이점을 꾀할 수 있다. 또한 사이버 위협의 여러 성격이 혼재하고, 비국가 행위자들의영향력이 증대했으며, 사이버 첩보활동과 선제공격의 경계 구분이 어려운상황이 조성된다. 사이버 안보환경은 비국가 행위자가 정보기관과의 관계에서 보완성과 경합성의 양면성을 띠게 한다. 정보기관은 첩보활동 차원에서 사이버 공격자의 정체를 밝히는 공개지목의 결정과정을 주도하지만, 비국가 행위자는 정보기관의 공개딜레마 상황을 보완하는 전문성을 발휘한다. 반면에 비국가 행위자은 숙련된 기법, 전문적 기술, 폭넓은 탐지활동등의 덕분에 정보기관에 비교우위가 가능하고, 정보기관은 증거 신뢰성, 정보활동의 노출, 정보판단의 정치적 고려 등의 원인으로 공개지목의 불완전과 전략실행의 지연을 피하기 어렵다. 사이버 공작에서는 정보기관은 책임의 부인가능성, 안보딜레마 완화, 역할 확대와 민관 정보공유 등의 측면에서 비국가 행위자의 전략적 활용성을 극대화할 인센티브가 충분하다.
Abstract
The national intelligence agency plays a different role in cyberspace where national security is characterized with the distinctive strategic environments. Information collection and covert actions by the intelligence agencies are closely related with each other for clandestine activities, and, in particular, cyber threats complicate how to respond. The types of cyber threats are mixed, non-state actors have significant impacts on cybersecruity, and cyber spying and attacks are not easy to be distinguished. Under such a nuanced circumstance, the intelligence agency and non-state actors including hackers can cooperate or compete for their own purposes. In the process of attributing cyber attackers, the intelligence agency is a leading player while non-state actors help it avoid the disclosure dilemma, which is balancing the reliability of attribution and the protection of attribution sources. The cyber cover action is a dangerous mission for the intelligence agency that, if revealed, may face the counterpart’s punishment in diplomatic or cyber measures. Non-state actors as a proxy for the agency are able to wage cyber attacks.
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