외로움과 비자살적 자해 심각도의 관계: 미디어 및 대인관계를 통한 자해노출의 조절효과
Relationship between Loneliness and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Severity: Moderating Effect of Media and Interpersonal Exposure to Self-Injury
0
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 외로움과 비자살적 자해 심각도의 관계에서 미디어 및 대인관계를 통한 자해노출의 조절효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 성별, 연령 등의 인구센서스 기준을 고려하여 표집된 국내성인 1,447명의 자료 중 자해 경험이 있다고 응답한 164명의 자료를 분석에 활용하였다. 분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 빈도분석 결과, 미디어를 통한 자해노출경험이 있다고 응답한 비율은 각 매체에 따라 29.3%∼75.0%로 나타났으며, 대인관계를 통한 자해노출경험이 있다고 응답한 비율은 대인관계 유형에 따라 17.7%∼34.8%로 나타났다. 둘째, 상관분석 결과, 외로움, 대인관계 노출, 미디어 노출은 모두 비자살적 자해 심각도와 유의미한 정적 상관이 나타났다. 셋째, 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 외로움과 자해 심각도의 관계에서 대인관계 노출의 조절효과는 유의하게 나타났다. 반면 미디어 노출은 외로움과 자해 심각도의 관계에서 조절효과가 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 조절효과의 사후검증을 위해 단순 회귀선 기울기 분석을 실시한 결과, 대인관계 노출의 수준이 높은 집단이 낮은 집단에 비해 자해 심각도가 높으며, 외로움이 증가할 때 자해 심각도가 상대적으로 가파르게 증가한다고 나타났다. 연구결과를 토대로 의의와 제한점, 후속연구에 대한 제안을 논의하였다.
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the moderating effect of media and interpersonal exposure on the relationship between loneliness and non-suicidal self-injury severity. To this end, 164 participants who have ever engaged in self-injury were extracted from 1,447 Korean adults sampled given residence, gender, and age ratio. First, the result of frequency analysis revealed that 29.3% to 75.0% of respondents reported self-injury exposure through media, and 17.7% to 34.8% of respondents reported exposure to self-injury through interpersonal relationships. Second, the correlation analysis result showed that loneliness, exposure to media, interpersonal exposure were all positively correlated with self-injury severity. Third, the result of hierarchical regression analysis identified that interpersonal exposure had a significant moderation effect on the relationship between loneliness and self-injury severity. In contrast, media exposure was found to have no significant moderation effect on the relationship between loneliness and self-injury severity. Finally, the result of a simple regression line slope analysis of the moderating effect revealed that participants who reported a higher level of interpersonal exposure showed significantly greater self-injury severity than those who reported a lower interpersonal exposure level. In addition, when loneliness increased, the severity of self-injury significantly increased. Based on the results, limitations of the study and directions for future research were discussed.
참고문헌 (90)
- 강대선, "성인기 연령집단별 외로움에 영향을 미치는 관련요인 연구: 부산시민을 대상으로", NGO연구, 16(2), pp.301~337 (2021), 한국NGO학회[DOI]
- "“죽고 싶어요” 자해 시도로하루 100명 응급실로… 20대 최다" (2021), 강주리[URL]
- 구민정, "한국 성인의 비자살적 자해: 자해 방법 및 기능에서의 성차를 중심으로", 상담학연구, 20(5), pp.41~62 (2019), 한국상담학회[DOI]
- 권경인, "청소년 비자살적 자해 위기상담 경험에 관한 현상학 연구: 상담자 경험을 중심으로", 상담학연구, 20(3), pp.369~393 (2019), 한국상담학회[DOI]
- 권문희, "대학생의 투쟁-도피-동결체계, 가족표출정서, 정서조절곤란의 관계: 비자살적 자해 유경험자와 무경험자의 비교", 인간이해, 40(2), pp.149~173 (2019), 학생생활상담연구소[DOI]
- 권문희, "자해경험 대학생의 가족표출정서와 비자살적 자해의 관계: 정서조절곤란과 자기비난의 매개효과", 청소년학연구, 28(3), pp.29~57 (2021), 한국청소년학회[DOI]
- 김교헌, "한국판 UCLA 고독척도", pp.13~30 (1989), 충남대학교 학생생활연구소
- 김소정, "청소년 집단에서의 자해와 SNS 사용: 체계적 문헌고찰 연구", 인지행동치료, 20(3), pp.247~275 (2020), 한국인지행동치료학회[DOI]
- 김수진, "존재의 여정에서 경험한 비자살적 자해에 대한 내러티브 탐구", 상담학연구, 18(4), pp.125~148 (2017), 한국상담학회[DOI]
- 김지윤, "비자살적 자해의 중단 및 유지집단 간 비교연구: 자해특성과 통합적 이론모델의 위험요인을 중심으로", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 32(3), pp.1095~1124 (2020), 한국상담심리학회[DOI]
- 김지윤, "성인의 비자살적 자해 잠재계층유형의 위험요인과 정서․행동문제의 관계", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 31(4), pp.1205~1247 (2019), 한국상담심리학회[DOI]
- 백보겸, "자의식적 부정정서가 비자살적 자해에 미치는 영향: 정서조절전략의 매개효과를 중심으로", 한국콘텐츠학회 논문지, 19(3), pp.385~395 (2019), 한국콘텐츠학회[DOI]
- 서미, "비자살적 자해와 극복과정 경험에 대한 질적 연구: 상담경험이 있는 청소년을 대상으로", 상담학연구, 20(4), pp.179~207 (2019), 한국상담학회[DOI]
- 서윤아, "비자살적 자해에 영향을 미치는 복합외상 및 복합외상증후군의 탐색", 석사, 심리학과 임상및상담심리전공, pp.2014
- 성요안나, "비자살적 자해에 대한 국내연구 개관: 2000-2018년 연구들을 중심으로", 인지행동치료, 19(2), pp.251~280 (2019), 한국인지행동치료학회[DOI]
- 이동훈, "코로나바이러스(COVID-19) 감염에 대한 일반대중의 두려움과 심리, 사회적 경험이 우울, 불안에 미치는 영향", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 32(4), pp.2119~2156 (2020), 한국상담심리학회[DOI]
- 이수진, "외로움과 대인관계문제의 관계에서 초기부적응도식의 조절효과", 석사, 상담교육전공, pp.2012
- 이영지, "비(非)자살적 자해 경험이 있는 20대 청년들의 자해가 습득된 자살실행력을 매개로 자살행동에 미치는 영향", 한국심리학회지: 건강, 25(4), pp.757~776 (2020), 한국건강심리학회[DOI]
- 이인숙, "성인애착과 비자살적 자해의 관계: 부적응적 인지적 정서조절 전략의 매개효과", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 33(1), pp.479~505 (2021), 한국상담심리학회
- 전진아, "코로나바이러스감염증-19마음건강 돌봄 현황 및 과제", 보건․복지Issue & Focus, 375, pp.1~8 (2020)
- 함경애, "초기 성인기 자해행동", 재활심리연구, 28(1), pp.137~162 (2021), 한국재활심리학회[DOI]
- 황수진, "외로움과 사회적 고립 척도의 개발 및 타당화 연구", 신경정신의학, 60(4), pp.291~297 (2021), 대한신경정신의학회[DOI]
- Aiken, L. S., "Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions" (1991), Sage Publications, Inc
- Andrews, T., "Predictors of onset for non-suicidal self-injury within a school-based sample of adolescents", Prevention Science, 15(6), pp.850~859 (2014)
- Arendt, F., "Effects of exposure to self-harm on social media : Evidence from a two-wave panel study among young adults", New Media & Society, 21(11-12), pp.2422~2442 (2019)
- Arnett, J. J., "Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century", pp.3~ (2006), American Psychological Association
- Asher, S. R., "Loneliness and peer relations in childhood", Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(3), pp.75~78 (2003)
- Bandura, A., "Social cognitive theory : An agentic perspective", Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), pp.1~26 (2001)
- Bentley, K. H., "The four-function model of nonsuicidal self-injury : Key directions for future research", Clinical Psychological Science, 2(5), pp.638~656 (2014)
- Bureau, J. F., "Perceived dimensions of parenting and non-suicidal self-injury in young adults", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(5), pp.484~494 (2010)
- Cathelyn, F., "Predicting nonsuicidal self-injury using a variant of the implicit association test", Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 51(6), pp.1259~1271 (2021)
- Chapman, A. L., "Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm : The experiential avoidance model", Behaviour research and therapy, 44(3), pp.371~394 (2006)
- Claes, L., "Brief report : The association between non-suicidal self-injury, self-concept and acquaintance with self-injurious peers in a sample of adolescents", Journal of Adolescence, 33(5), pp.775~778 (2010)
- Dawkins, J. C., "Applying a cognitive-emotional model to nonsuicidal self-injury", Stress and Health, 35(1), pp.39~48 (2019)
- Deliberto, T. L., "An exploratory study of correlates, onset, and offset of non-suicidal self-injury", Archives of Sucide Research, 12(3), pp.219~231 (2008)
- Franklin, J. C., "Low implicit and explicit aversion toward self-cutting stimuli longitudinally predict nonsuicidal self-injury", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(2), pp.463~469 (2014)
- Gandhi, A., "Association between non-suicidal self-injury, parents and peers related loneliness, and attitude towards aloneness in Flemish adolescents: An empirical note", Psychologica Belgica, 58(1) (2018)
- Giletta, M., "Adolescent non-suicidal self-injury : A cross-national study of community samples from Italy, the Netherlands and the United States", Psychiatry Research, 197(1-2), pp.66~72 (2012)
- Gratz, K., "Measurement of deliberate self-harm:Preliminary ata on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory", Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(4), pp.253~263 (2001)
- Hammond, L. E., "The Costs of COVID-19:Loneliness, Coping, and Psychological Distress in the United States Population", Doctor, pp.2021
- Hasking, P., "The role of exposure to self-injury among peers in predicting later self-injury", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(10), pp.1543~1556 (2013)
- Hasking, P., "The nature and extent of non-suicidal self-injury in a non-clinical sample of young adults", Archives of Suicide Research, 12(3), pp.208~218 (2008)
- Hasking, P., "A preliminary application of social cognitive theory to nonsuicidal self-injury", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(8), pp.1560~1574 (2016)
- Hasking, P., "A cognitive-emotional model of NSSI : Using emotion regulation and cognitive processes to explain why people self-injure", Cognition and Emotion, 31(8), pp.1543~1556 (2017)
- Hays, R. D., "A short-form measure of loneliness", Journal of Personality Assessment, 51(1), pp.69~81 (1987)
- Heath, N. L., "Retrospective analysis of social factors and nonsuicidal self-injury among young adults", Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 2009, pp.41(3), 180~186
- Heilbron, N., "A review and reconceptualization of social aggression : Adaptive and maladaptive correlates", Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11(4), pp.176~217 (2008)
- Heinrich, L. M., "The clinical significance of loneliness : A literature review", Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6), pp.695~718 (2006)
- Hilt, L. M., "Nonsuicidal self-injury in young adolescent girls : moderators of the distress-function relationship", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), pp.63~71 (2008)
- Horgan, M., "Differences between current and past self-injurers : How and why do people stop", Archives of Suicide Research, 20(2), pp.142~152 (2016)
- House, A., "Social media, self-harm and suicide", BJPsych Bulletin, 44(4), pp.131~133 (2020)
- Jarvi, S., "The impact of social contagion on non-suicidal self-injury : A review of the literature", Archives of Suicide Research, 17(1), pp.1~19 (2013)
- Joiner, T. E., "Why people die by suicide" (2005), Harvard University Press
- Kline, T. J., "Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation" (2005), Sage Publications
- Klonsky, E. D., "Self-injury : A research review for the practitioner", Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(11), pp.1045~1056 (2007)
- Lewis, S. P., "Non-suicidal self-injury, youth, and the Internet : What mental health professionals need to know", Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6(1), pp.13~21 (2012)
- Lewis, A. L., "Host sialoglycans and bacterial sialidases : a mucosal perspective", Cellular Microbiology, 14(8), pp.1174~1182 (2012)
- Lewis, S. P., "A double-edged sword : A review of benefits and risks of online nonsuicidal self-injury activities", Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(3), pp.249~262 (2016)
- Lewis, S. P., "The impact of YouTube peer feedback on attitudes toward recovery from non-suicidal self-injury : An experimental pilot study", Digital Health, 4, pp.2055207618780499~ (2018)
- Madjar, N., "Depression symptoms as mediator between adolescents’ sense of loneliness at school and nonsuicidal self-injury behaviors", Crisis : The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 42(2), pp.144~ (2021)
- Marchant, A., "A systematic review of the relationship between internet use, self-harm and suicidal behaviour in young people: The good, the bad and the unknown", PLoS one, 12(8), pp.e0181722~ (2017)
- Memon, A. M., "The role of online social networking on deliberate self-harm and suicidality in adolescents : A systematized review of literature", Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(4), pp.384~392 (2018)
- Muehlenkamp, J. J., "Rates of non-suicidal self-injury : A cross-sectional analysis of exposure", Current Psychology, 27(4), pp.234~241 (2008)
- Nock, M. K., "Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury", Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(2), pp.78~83 (2009)
- Nock, M. K., "Self-injury", Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, pp.339~363 (2010)
- Nock, M. K., "A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior", Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(5), pp.885~890 (2004)
- Nock, M. K., "Revealing the form and function of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors : A real-time ecological assessment study among adolescents and young adults", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(4), pp.816~827 (2009)
- Perlman, D., "Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent loneliness", pp.13~46 (1984), National Institute of Mental Health
- Plener, P. L., "The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm : a systematic review of the literature", Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 2(1), pp.1~11 (2015)
- Rotolone, C., "Giving up self-injury : A comparison of everyday social and personal resources in past versus current self-injurers", Archives of Suicide Research, 16(2), pp.147~158 (2012)
- Russell, D., "The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale : concurrent and discriminant validity evidence", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), pp.472~480 (1980)
- Russell, D., "Developing a measure of loneliness", Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), pp.290~294 (1978)
- Serafini, G., "The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population", QJM : An International Journal of Medicine, 113(8), pp.531~537 (2020)
- Serras, A., "Self-injury, substance use, and associated risk factors in a multi-campus probability sample of college students", Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), pp.119~128 (2010)
- Singhal, N., "Non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI)among emerging adults : sub-group profiles and their clinical relevance", Psychiatry Research, 300, pp.113877~ (2021)
- Swannell, S. V., "Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples : Systematic review, meta-analysis and metaregression", Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(3), pp.273~303 (2014)
- Torales, J., "The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health", International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), pp.317~320 (2020)
- Tseng, F. Y., "Internet use and web communication networks, sources of social support, and forms of suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents : Different patterns between genders", Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(2), pp.178~191 (2015)
- Wang, C., "A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China", Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, pp.40~48 (2020)
- Wang, Q., "Loneliness, non-suicidal self-injury, and friendship quality among Chinese left-behind adolescents : the role of parent-child cohesion", Journal of Affective Disorders, 271, pp.193~200 (2020)
- Wang, Q., "Perceived discrimination, loneliness, and non-suicidal self-injury in Chinese migrant children : The moderating roles of parent-child cohesion and gender", Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(3), pp.825~847 (2021)
- Whitlock, J., "Self-injurious behaviors in a college population", Pediatrics, 117(6), pp.1939~1948 (2006)
- Whitlock, J. L., "The virtual cutting edge : the internet and adolescent self-injury", Developmental Psychology, 42(3), pp.407~417 (2006)
- Whitlock, J., "Variation in nonsuicidal self-injury : Identification and features of latent classes in a college population of emerging adults", Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(4), pp.725~735 (2008)
- Whitlock, J., "Nonsuicidal self-injury as a gateway to suicide in young adults", Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(4), pp.486~492 (2013)
- Whitlock, J., "Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment", pp.139~155 (2009), American Psychological Association
- You, J., "Exploring the reciprocal relations between nonsuicidal self-injury, negative emotions and relationship problems in Chinese adolescents : a longitudi?nal cross-lag study", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(5), pp.829~836 (2012)
- You, J., "The best friend and friendship group influence on adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(6), pp.993~1004 (2013)
- Zelkowitz, R. L., "Assessing media and interpersonal exposure to non-suicidal self-injury: The Social Exposure to NSSI Scale", Suicide and Self-Injury Group Data Blitz, Association of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies Annual Meeting (2014)
- Zelkowitz, R. L., "Social exposure and emotion dysregulation : Main effects in relation to nonsuicidal self-injury", Journal of Adolescence, 60, pp.94~103 (2017)
