허즉기(虛卽氣)’로 본 화담(花潭)의 사유구조 연구

Abstract

This article aims to investigate Hwadam(花潭, 1489~1546)’s structure of thinking through his concept of ‘Heo-Jeuk-Ki(虛卽氣).’ Despite the fact that Chang Tsai(張載, 1020~1077), Cheng brothers and Chu-Hsi(朱熹, 1130~1200) presented all aspects of the principle[‘So-I-Yeon(所以然)’] , Hwadam diagnosed that they did not show the relationship with the concrete phenomenon. In other words, there was not enough explanations for the relationship between ‘Li(理)’ and ‘Ki(氣)’. He brings the concept of Ki used by Chang Tsai to reveal the right relationship between ‘Li’ and ‘Ki’. He intended to clarified the definite relationship of the two through the ‘Il-Ki-Chang-Chon(一氣長存)’ and ‘Heo-Jeuk-Ki’. Hwadam accepts the concept of Chang Tsai that ‘Everything is Ki’, and sets Substance(體) and Phenonenon(用) as Heaven Aporiori(先天) and Heaven Aposteriori(後天) respectively. Particularly, by proclaiming the notion of ‘Heo-Jeuk-Ki’(‘Heo’ as Noumenon is ‘Ki’), ‘Heo’ is viewed as being contained in the category of Being. In the structure of Substance and Function, which shows the relationship between Noumenon(本體) and Phenomenon(現象), the peculiar feature of Hwadam’s thoguht is manifested as ‘Yoo-Che-Yu-Yong(有體有用)’. This point is evident in his understanding which criticized the relationship between Noumenon and Phenomenon of Taoism and Buddhism as a causal relation that ‘Being comes from Nothing’. Hwadam’s thought structure of ‘Yoo-Che-Yu-Yong(有體有用)’ is embodied as ‘Jeuk-Che-Jeuk-Yong(卽體卽用)’, which means that “Noumenon is Phenomenon and Phenomenon is Noumenon.” From this point of view, Heo as Noumenon and ‘Ki’ of Phenomenon show the relationship of simultaneity, common root and circulation. Further Hwadam presents the idea of self–causal ‘Gi-Ja-Yi(機自爾)’ as a concept to mediate Noumenon and Phenomenon. Through this notion, Hwadam even denied the pre-existence of ‘Li’ proposed by Chu-Hsi. It can be said that Hwadam’s negation of pre-existence of ‘Li’ is caused by his structure of thinking which lays stress on the sphere of Reality[Being].