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로버트 브라우닝의 「서신」: 시대의 기독교 변증

Robert Browning’s ‘An Epistle’: The Christian Apologetics in Victorian Era

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Browning deplores the contemporary trend of depicting faith and belief as civilization and science develop, and human reason has priority. He gives his own message to his contemporaries who are marvelling at positivism, scientific discovery, and material prosperity. At that time, the Victorian era and world view responded to the real demands of the people of the time, and ignored the invisible yet eternal world of reality, the divine world and providence. While staring at pitching of the British people's view of life values due to the rise of economic prosperity and the evolutionary theory, the poet experiences the wonder of God, which never shakes, and leaves it as a poem. It is a dramatic monologue, telling Lazarus' resurrection owing to Jesus Christ: "An Epistle." This poem is the Christian apologetics in Victorian era. In this poem, Browning presents Karshish, an Arab in the background of Palestine at the late 60s AD, but he wants to tell a contemporary story of its own. He claims strongly that despite scientific and medical advances, mankind can not go against God's creation and providence. And he chants God does not disappear or shrink for a moment because of positivism and higher criticism, but as it has been from the beginning, he also recites, God still and forever exists.

Abstract

Browning deplores the contemporary trend of depicting faith and belief as civilization and science develop, and human reason has priority. He gives his own message to his contemporaries who are marvelling at positivism, scientific discovery, and material prosperity. At that time, the Victorian era and world view responded to the real demands of the people of the time, and ignored the invisible yet eternal world of reality, the divine world and providence. While staring at pitching of the British people's view of life values due to the rise of economic prosperity and the evolutionary theory, the poet experiences the wonder of God, which never shakes, and leaves it as a poem. It is a dramatic monologue, telling Lazarus' resurrection owing to Jesus Christ: "An Epistle." This poem is the Christian apologetics in Victorian era. In this poem, Browning presents Karshish, an Arab in the background of Palestine at the late 60s AD, but he wants to tell a contemporary story of its own. He claims strongly that despite scientific and medical advances, mankind can not go against God's creation and providence. And he chants God does not disappear or shrink for a moment because of positivism and higher criticism, but as it has been from the beginning, he also recites, God still and forever exists.

참고문헌 (19)

  1. Abrams, M. H., "The Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol. II" (1986), Norton
  2. Altick, Richard D., "Browning's ‘Karshish’ and St. Paul", Modern Language Notes, 72(7), pp.494~496 (1957)
  3. Altick, Richard D., "Victorian People and Ideas" (1973), Norton
  4. Bergman, David, "Browning’s Monologues and the Development of the Soul", ELH, 47(4), pp.772~787 (1980)
  5. Collins, Thomas J., "Shelley and God in browning’s Pauline: Unresolved Problems", VP, 3, pp.151~160 (1965)
  6. Crowell, Norton B., "A Reader’s Guide to Robert Browning" (1972), U of New Mexico P
  7. Cunnington, Susan, "Studies in Browning. Four Poems: Saul. The Epistle of Karshish the Arab Physician. A Grammarian’s Funeral. Old Pictures in Florence" (2015), Sagwan Press
  8. Delaney, Bill, "Masterplots II: Poetry", pp.1~3 (2002)
  9. Gilmour, Robin, "The Victorian Period: The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature 1830-1890" (1993), Longman
  10. Griffin, W. Hall, "The Life of Robert Browning" (1966), Archon Books
  11. Gurein, Wilfred L., "Irony and Tension in Browning’s Karshish", VP, 1, pp.132~139 (1963)
  12. Hermann, Edward A. G, "The faith of Robert Browning" (2015), Forgotten Books
  13. Loucks, James F, "Robert Browning’s Poetry: Authoritative Texts Criticism" (1979), Norton
  14. McCrie, George., "The religion of our literature: Essays upon Thomas Carlyle, Robert Browning, Alfred Tennyson" (2018), Forgotten Books
  15. McCrie, George, "Browning’s An Epistle...of Karshish", Explicator, 52(Fall), pp.30~33 (1993)
  16. 문영수, "시대를 향한 한 시인의 노력: 브라우닝의 낙관주의 연구", 영어영문학연구, 34(3), pp.47~68 (2008), 대한영어영문학회[DOI]
  17. Richards. B. A., "English Poetry of the Victorian Period 1830-1890" (1990), Longman
  18. Shelley, Bruce L., "Church History in Plain Language" (1995), Thomas Nelson
  19. Woolford, John, "Robert Browning" (1996), Longman

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