프랑스혁명과 가톨릭교회의 수난
The French Revolution and the sufferings of the Catholic Church
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중세 이래 가톨릭은 국교로서의 특권을 누려왔다. 그러나 혁명으로 왕정이 붕괴되고 공화국이 수립되자 오랜 기간 왕정과 공생해오던 가톨릭교회 역시 붕괴를 면하기 어려웠다. 이 글은 프랑스혁명기에 진행된 가톨릭교회에 대한 박해를 구체적으로 살펴본 것이다. 성직자민사기본법, 선서, 탈그리스도교화 등으로 가속된 박해에 의해 수많은 신부들이 수난을 당했다. 처음에는 성직자민사기본법에 선서하기를 거부한 신부들이 수난의 대상이었다. 혁명 전의 전체 성직자 가운데 절반 정도가 선서를 거부했고, 선서거부신부 가운데 절반 정도가 망명을 떠났거나 유형에 처해졌다. 탈그리스도교화가 진행되면서 선서신부들도 처벌을 받아, 선서신부 가운데 절반이 신부직을 떠났다. 성당은 폐쇄되었고 미사는 금지되었을 뿐만 아니라 그리스도교 문화 자체가 파괴되었다. 반혁명전쟁에 가담하여 저항한 신부는 극소수에 불과했다. 1794년 7월 테르미도르 정변으로 공포정치가 끝나자 야만적인 반달리즘도 끝났고 가톨릭교회에 대한 박해도 완화되었다. 1801년 나폴레옹은 콩코르다를 체결하여 신앙의 자유를 부여했다. ‘인권선언’과는 반대로, 프랑스혁명은 종교의 자유를 부여한 것이 아니라 종교를 박해했다. 혁명은 선서거부파는 물론이고 선서파도 박해했으며, 나아가 프로테스탄트교회, 유대교회 등 일체의 종교를 박해했다. 기존의 종교는 미신에 불과했고, 프랑스혁명이 계시이자 섭리이자 진정한 종교였다. 혁명과 가톨릭교회의 대립은 두 종교의 대립이었고, 당시 혁명가들이 말했듯이, 두 광신의 대립이었다. 프랑스혁명이라는 종교는 ‘다른’ 종교와 양립하기를 거부했다. 이런 점에서, 프랑스혁명은 구체제와 다르지 않았다.
Abstract
Since the Middle Ages, the French catholic church has enjoyed a status of the national religion. But as the Revolution of 1789 broke down the monarchy, it was impossible for the catholic church which was in the symbiotic relationship with it to avoid the collapse. The purpose of this article is to examine the process of the persecution of the catholic church during the French Revolution. Innumerable priests suffered the persecution through the Civil constitution of the clergy, the obligatory oath, and the dechristianization. At first, the priests who refused to take oath were the target. About the half of the total number of the clergy before the Revolution refused to take oath, and about the half of these priests immigrated to the foreign countries or suffered the deportation. As the dechristianization proceeded, the priests who took oath were included in target of the persecution. Approximately the half of these priests resigned from the priesthood. The churches were closed, and the masses were interdicted. The christian culture itself was destroyed. A few priests resisted by force and arms to the persecution. The greater part of the priests suffered martyrdom. As the Thermidor 9 terminated the Terror, the savage vandalism was also terminated and the religious persecution was weakened. In the end, in 1801, Napoleon gave the religious freedom by contracting the Concordat with the pope. In spite of the “Declaration of the rights of men and the citizen” the French Revolution did not give the religious freedom but persecuted the religion. The Revolution persecuted not only the catholic church including the constitutional church, but also the protestant church and the judaic church, in short all the religions. For the revolutionaries, all the revealed religions were no more than the superstitions. The French Revolution itself was, for them, the revelation, the providence, the true religion. The fight between the Revolution and the catholic church was that of two religions, and as the revolutionaries conceded, that of two fanaticisms. It is that the religion of the French Revolution refused to coexist with other religions. In this sense, the French Revolution was not different from the Ancient Regime.
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