유스티니아누스 역병(541년-750년):실체, 인식과 대응, 영향
The Justinianic Plague(541-750):perception of the plague and response, effects
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이 논문은 유스티니아누스 역병과 관련해서 다음 두 가지 사항을 검토한다. 첫째, 그 역병의 실체를 밝히고 이어서 당시 사람들이 그 역병을 어떻게 인식하고 대응했는가에 살펴보았다. 유스티니아누스 역병은 역사상 처음 선 페스트로 밝혀진 역병이다. 당시 사람들은 질병이 신이 인간에 가한 징벌로 인식하는 입장과 질병이 자연적 원리에 의해 발생한다는 인식을 공유하고 있었다. 그러나 합리적 질병관에 따른 처방이 별 효과가 없었기에 당시 가장 일반적인 질병관은 신의 징벌로 해석하는 것이었다. 따라서 당시 그 역병의 대응책도 종교적인 것이 주류를 이루었다. 그 결과 마리아가 환자 치유인의 형태로 숭배되어 후대에 영향을 끼쳤으며, 서방에서는 성 세바스티아누스 숭배가 자리 잡았다. 둘째, 유스티니아누스 역병의 영향을 인구 문제와 정치세력의 변화에 국한하여 살펴보았다. 러셀을 비롯한 일부 연구자들은 그 역병의 희생자들이 거의 흑사병 수준에 이르렀다고 주장했다. 그러나 ‘수정주의자들’이 등장하여 그 역병의 인구에 끼친 영향은 미미했다고 주장하였다. 그러나 수정주의 이론들도 허점이 드러나고 있기 때문에, 그 역병이 흑사병 수준은 아닐지라도 인구에 끼친 영향은 인정해야 한다. 한편, 그 역병으로 비잔틴 제국이 약화되었고, 반면에 이슬람이 흥기할 수 있었고, 유럽 문명을 대표하는 중심지로서의 지중해 지역이 역병의 영향으로 약화되고 그 대신 역병의 피해를 덜 받은 북유럽이 유럽 문명의 중심지가 되었다는 기존의 가설은 어느 정도 인정되어야 할 것이다
Abstract
In the summer of 541 a deadly infections disease, which has been confirmed to be the first instance of bubonic plague, broke out. None of the lands bordering the Mediterranean escaped it. Its sporadic appearances persisted from 541 to 750. Because the plague took place during the reign of the Emperor Justinian, Byzantinists especially refer to this plague as the Justinianic Plague(or the Plague of Justinian). This paper review the plague in the light of recent researches. Firstly, in what way did people perceive the plague and how they responded to the plague? These questions are related, because people responded to the plague in way dictated how they perceive it. In that time the plague was perceived in both a metaphysical and a rational way. But the metaphysical approach prevailed in terms of the wide acceptance. According to this approach, the plague was an expression of divine punishment. As the this approach was prevailed, response to the plague was situated at the level. People tried to dispel the demonic visions by uttering holy names and seeking sanctuary in churches. And there were organized processions aiming illustrate penitence and inspire divine mercy. As the plague’s morality rose, more people turned to saints and Virgin Mary asking them to intercede with God for the stop of the plague. According to A. Stoclet, the cult of Mary was introduced and fostered during the Justinianic Plague. And a new saintly cult, namely that of St. Sebastian, was created. Secondly, What were the effects of the plague on societies? The effects of the plague remains a subjects of controversy. At the heart of the debate lies the question of the size of the mortality. The contemporary sources speak with one voice in describing the plague as having had a major demographic impact on societies. For example, Procopius records that at its peak the plague was killing 10,000 victims in Constantinople daily. And the plague’s impact on population was compared to that of the Black Death. In the recent years, however, the ‘revisionists’ argue that eyewitness accounts of the plague are hysterical in tone and misleading in effect and downplay the effects of the plague on population. But some historians has discussed such view and demonstrated numerous weak points in their argumentations. On the other hand, debate concerning the plague has focused on its effects on the Byzantine Empire. Some historians say the damages made by the plague was so great to the Byzantine Empire that it made it vulnerable to the Muslim conquests.
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