역사 문해력의 개념과 역사교육과정 적용 － 미국, 영국, 호주 교육과정을 사례로 －
The Concept of Historical Literacy and the Reflection in Curriculum of History Education –Focusing on Curriculum Cases of the U.S., the U.K. and Australia-
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이 글은 현재까지 역사 교육 연구에서 역사 문해력(historical literacy)을 바라보는 몇 가지 관점을 살펴보고 이런 관점이 미국, 영국, 호주의 역사교육과정에 어떻게 적용되고 있는지 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 그동안의 연구에서 역사 문해력은 크게 역사적 사실에 대한 지식의 보유, 역사가의 탐구 과정 수행, 역사의식 함양의 측면에서 논의되었다. 전통적 관점에서 역사 문해력은 역사적 사실을 아는 것을 의미했다. 그러나 역사 교육 연구가 진행되면서 역사 문해력을 역사 탐구 수행 과정에서 동반되는 역사적 사고나 역사의식으로 보는 새로운 관점이 주목받고 있다. 이 글에서 살펴본 국가들의 경우 문해력을 역사 교육의 목적이나 학생들에게 가르쳐야 할 역량 중 하나로 규정하였다. 분석 결과, 미국, 영국, 호주 세 나라의 교육과정에서 명시하는 역사 문해력은 공통적으로 역사 탐구 과정에서 작용하는 사고나 기능을 의미하였다. 이러한 관점이 가장 잘 드러나는 것은 미국의 교육과정이었다. 영국의 교육과정에는 역사 지식과 역사 탐구 수행 능력을 강조하는 역사 문해력의 관점이 동시에 반영되어 있었다. 호주의 경우에는 교육과정 총론에서 제시된 범교과 차원의 문해력을 역사 교과에 통합하여 가르치고 있었다. 이때의 역사 문해력은 역사 텍스트를 읽고 의미를 구성할 수 있는 능력을 의미했다. 현재까지 역사 문해력이 학교 역사 교육에 미치는 뚜렷한 영향과 변화를 찾아보기는 어렵다. 역사교육과정에 반영된 역사 문해력도 대부분 역사 텍스트 읽고 쓰기에 집중되어 역사적 사고 및 역사의식 함양과 관련된 역사 문해력의 요소를 제시하지 못하였다. 이는 역사 문해력 개념이 추상적 성격을 가지며, 이를 보는 관점이 다양하다는 데 기인한다. 그러나 역사 문해력의 성격을 구체화하려는 지속적인 노력은 역사 문해력 학습 내용과 방법을 선정하고 제시하는 데 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine several perspectives on historical literacy in the previous studies on history education up to now and to look into how these perspectives are reflected in the national curriculum of history in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. In the studies on history education so far, historical literacy has been largely discussed in three aspects such as having knowledge on historical facts, performing the inquiry process by historians, and cultivating historical consciousness. From a traditional perspective, historical literacy has meant knowing lots of historical facts. However, as studies on historical literacy have been gradually conducted, new perspectives on historical literacy are drawing attention as historical thinking or historical consciousness accompanied by the process of conducting historical inquiry. The countries that have sought the increase of historical literacy as a goal of history education and have reflected it in the curriculum are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. These countries define literacy as one of the purposes of history education or the capabilities to teach for students. As a result of the analysis, the historical literacy specified in the curriculum of the three countries commonly referred to thinking or skill accompanied by the process of conducting historical inquiry. This perspective is emphasized in the United States history curriculum. In the case of the United kingdom history curriculum, the perspectives of historical literacy as knowledge of historical facts and the ability to conduct historical inquiry were compromised. In Australia, literacy has been presented as a general capability at the level of general introduction and it refers to the ability to read text and construct meaning. In Australia, teachers have incorporated general literacy into a specific curriculum and have taught it to students. Despite the high interest in literacy and active theoretical discussions in recent studies on education, it is difficult to find obvious impacts and changes that affect history education. As historical literacy that is even reflected in the curriculum mostly focus on reading and writing historical texts, it could not extend the discussion to present elements of historical literacy associated with historical thinking and cultivation of historical consciousness in the curriculum. Because, it might be difficult to define the concept clearly due to the nature of historical literacy. There are some parts that are overlapped in the perspectives of historical literacy presented in this study. Nevertheless, consistent effort to clarify the nature of historical literacy will have implications for selecting the content of education on historical literacy and suggesting specific learning methods. Key words : Historical Literacy, History Knowledge, Historical Inquiry, Historical Consciousness, History Curriculum
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