프란시스 하버필드의 속주 브리타니아 연구와 ‘로마화(Romanization)’ 개념의 형성
Francis Haverfield’s Research on Roman Britannia and the Concept of ‘Romanization’
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로마제국의 역사를 주제로 삼는 현대 연구자들은 ‘로마화(Romanization)’라는 개념을 꽤 오랫동안 중요한 해석의 틀로 사용해왔지만, 19세기 말부터 20세기의 로마사 연구가 지닌 여러 한계와 오류를 드러내는 과정에서 이 개념도 비판의 대상이 되었고, 특히 그 저변에 깔린 제국주의적인 태도를 해체하려는 시도가 지속되어 왔다. 본 논문은 ‘로마화’ 개념이 확립되는 데 중요한 역할을 했던 프란시스 하버필드(Francis Haverfield, 1860-1919)의 연구와 대표저작인 『로마 브리타니아 속주의 로마화(The Romanization of Roman Britain)』를 중심으로 그의 속주 브리타니아 연구의 시대적, 학문적 배경과 과정, 내용을 소개하고 검토함으로써 ‘로마화’라는 개념의 초기 모습을 되돌아보는 기회로 삼고자 한다. 제2장에서는 하버필드의 로마화 개념에 영향을 준 이전 시기의 로마제국에 대한 인식, 로마 시대 브리타니아와 관련된 발굴 작업, 로마역사서술의 특성 등을 검토한다. 제3장에서는 당대 영국과 유럽의 로마사 연구 경향, 특히 테오도어 몸젠과 그의 속주연구가 하버필드의 연구에 미친 영향 등을 다룬다. 제4장에서는 『로마 브리타니아 속주의 로마화』속에 담긴 하버필드의 ‘로마화’에 대한 이해와 로마제국과 속주 브리타니아 사이의 문화적 상관관계에 대한 인식, 로마화 과정에서 일어난 구체적인 변화의 예시들을 짚어보고자 한다.
Abstract
Modern historians of ancient Rome, especially of the Roman Empire, have used the concept of ‘Romanization’ as a major frame of interpretation, but has also criticized the limitations and errors of Roman historical studies from the end of the 19th century to the 20th century, based on this concept. In the process the term ‘Romanization’ has also been the focus of criticism, especially due to the cultural imperialism embedded in it. This article focuses on the research of Francis Haverfield, a British Roman historian and archaeologist who played an important role in establishing the ‘Romanization’ theory in its early stages, and his major research work, The Romanization of Roman Britain. By introducing and examining the background, process, and contents of his research, I would like to take it as an opportunity to look back on the making of the concept of ‘Romanization’. Chapter 2 will deal with the perception of the Roman Empire, the formation of academic interests in Britannia as a Roman province, and the characteristics of Roman historiography in Britain during the Victorian period that influenced Haverfield's archaeological and historical work. In Chapter 3 the influence of Theodor Mommsen and his works over Haverfield’s research will be explored. In Chapter 4, Haverfield's understanding of cultural changes defined as ‘Romanization’ and particular examples that he presented in his book, The Romanization of Roman Britain, will be examined.
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