기업지배구조와 기업실패 : 생존분석을 응용한 지배구조의 영향 분석
Corporate Governance and Corporate Failure : A Survival Analysis
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본 연구에서는 생존분석기법을 응용하여 기업지배구조 속성이 기업의 실패 가능성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 세 가지 측면을 분석하였다. 첫째, 한국거래소의 유가증권시장과 코스닥시장에 상장된 기업을 대상으로 생존분석기법에서 사용하고 있는 생명표방법을 이용하여 특정기간 내에 기업이 실패할 확률을 추정하였다. 둘째, 한국기업에 있어 지배구조가 기업실패에 영향을 미치는가를 확인하고, 기업실패에 영향을 미치는 핵심적인 지배구조 속성을 발견하고자 하였다. 셋째, 이와 같은 분석을 대기업과 중소기업으로 구분하여 실시함으로써 기업규모에 따라 그러한 특성들에 차이가 있는가를 확인해 보았다. 이러한 분석을 위해 1997년부터 2017년까지의 분석기간을 선정하고, 이 기간 동안 한국거래소의 유가증권시장과 코스닥시장에 상장된 총 26,592개(연도-기업) 표본을 대상으로 분석하였다. 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 생명표를 이용하여 기업실패확률을 추정한 결과에 의하면 기업설립 이후 5년 이내는 실패확률이 0.01%에 불과하지만, 기간이 경과함에 따라 실패확률이 크게 상승한다는 것을 확인하였다. 특히 중소기업은 대기업에 비해 실패 가능성이 매우 높고, 조기에 실패할 가능성도 크다는 것을 확인하였다. 둘째, Cox비례위험모형을 이용하여 지배구조가 기업실패 가능성에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과에 의하면, 지배구조를 구성하고 있는 이사회의 규모가 크고, 사외이사비율과 내부지분율이 높을수록 기업 실패 가능성이 낮아진다는 것을 발견하였다. 특히 내부지분율의 효과는 대기업과 중소기업에 동일하게 나타나지만, 이사회규모와 사외이사비율의 영향은 중소기업에서 더 뚜렷하게 나타난다는 것을 확인하였다.
Abstract
This paper explores the effect of corporate governance on corporate failure with survival analysis technique. Using cross-sectional and time series data on total 26,592 Korean listed firms, we estimate the failure probability with the life table, and analysis the effect of corporate governance attributes on corporate failure. The results are as follows. First, cumulative 5-year failure probability is 0.01%, but after that the failure probability is sharply increased. Second, when the samples are divided by two sectors of large firms and small-medium firms, the failure probabilities are big difference after the 5th year between the sectors. SMEs’ failure probability is more sharply increased than that of large firms. Third, we find that Korean listed firm’s governance structure effects on corporate failure. Corporate failure is less likely when a firm is characterized by larger size of board, higher ratio of outside directors, and more insider ownership.
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