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신흥시장국 기업의 해외 인수 전략에 있어서 제도적 환경의 영향: 중국 기업을 중심으로

Emerging Multinationals and the Effects of Institutional Environments on Their Overseas Acquisition Strategies: The Chinese Experience

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주제분류무역학

초록

신흥시장국 기업들의 해외 진출이 계속 증가하는 추세에서 기존 논문들은 상대적으로 주목을 덜 받아온 제도적 환경이 이러한 목적을 달성하는데 매우 중요하다고 보고된 바 있다. 따라서 본고는 중국 기업의 특성을 고려하여 제도적 환경을모국과 진출시장으로 나누어 제도가 현지기업을 인수할 때 지분투자전략과 관련이 있는지를 살펴보았다. 연구 대상으로는 2012년 중국 기업들이 해외에서 진행한 205건의 기업 인수를표본으로 하여 진출시장의 외국인투자규제, 소액주주보호, 경제자유화와 투자국인 중국의 대외투자정책 및 중국과 진출시장의 문화적 거리 등 제도이론에서 주로다루는 변수들이 해외 인수 전략에 영향을 미치는지를 분석하였다. 통계 결과는진출시장의 경제자유화 정도가 높을수록, 소액주주를 보호할수록 중국 기업들은소수지분을 인수하는 경향이 크며, 이들 제도적 환경의 영향은 민영기업이 국유기업보다 더 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 이 연구는 중국 기업은 개도국 출신이라는 점이 모국과 진출시장과의 제도적 차이로 인하여 이들 기업이 현지에서 감당해야할 심각한 외국인비용이라는 것을 발견하였다. 본고는 자국 기업이 해외에서 전략적 자산을 얻어서 경쟁우위를 창출하기 위하여 모국 정부는 제도의 질적 발전에 힘써야한다고 주장한다.

Abstract

While Chinese firms have increased overseas acquisitions, their foreignentries have been modeled in search of strategic assets rather than basedon the firm-specific advantages. Existing literature illustrates thatinstitutional environments, which have been less highlighted, may be asignificantly important factor in foreign entries. Accordingly, institutionalenvironments are likely to affect overseas acquisition strategies. Giventhe characteristics of Chinese firms, we examine whether home or hostcountry institutions are related to acquisition strategies for emergingmultinationals. With the 205 overseas acquisition deals by Chinese firms in 2012, wetest the effects of host-market regulations on foreign direct investment(FDI), minority shareholder institution, and economic freedom, culturaldistance between the two countries, and home-country FDI policy on theequity-level choice. Statistical results show that Chinese firms tend toacquire minority shares as the foreign markets are liberalized and protectminority shareholders. Further, the link is positively moderated by stateownership. Overall, our study identifies that institutional differences substantiallyconstruct liability of foreignness against the Chinese firms. Therefore,this paper argues that home-country government should promoteinstitutional development so that the emerging multinationals can haveeasier accesses to the strategic assets to create competitive advantage inthe global market.

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